School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.
Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.
Proc Biol Sci. 2024 Aug;291(2027):20240861. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2024.0861. Epub 2024 Jul 17.
Humans cooperate in groups in which mutual monitoring is common, and this provides the possibility of third-party arbitration. Third-party arbitration stabilizes reciprocity in at least two ways: first, when it is accurate, it reduces the frequency of misunderstandings resulting from perception errors, and second, even when it is inaccurate, it provides a public signal that allows pairs to align their expectations about how to behave after errors occur. Here, we describe experiments that test for these two effects. We find that in an iterated, sequential Prisoner's Dilemma game with errors, players with the highest average payoffs are those who make use of third-party arbitration and who also employ forgiving strategies. The combination of these two behaviours reduces the detrimental effects of errors on reciprocity, resulting in more cooperation.
人类在群体中合作，相互监督很常见，这为第三方仲裁提供了可能性。第三方仲裁至少以两种方式稳定了互惠关系：第一，当它准确时，它减少了因感知错误而导致的误解的频率；第二，即使不准确，它也提供了一个公共信号，允许双方调整他们对错误发生后如何行为的期望。在这里，我们描述了测试这两种效应的实验。我们发现，在一个具有错误的迭代、顺序囚徒困境博弈中，平均收益最高的玩家是那些利用第三方仲裁并采用宽容策略的玩家。这两种行为的结合减少了错误对互惠关系的不利影响，从而导致更多的合作。
