Instruments for Evaluating Student Learning Outcomes in Palliative Care: A Literature Review.

Primary palliative care is a core component of nursing practice for which all students must receive formal education. Through competency-based education, nursing students develop the knowledge, attitudes, and skills to deliver quality primary palliative care before they transition to practice. Nurse educators in academic and practice settings should use reliable and valid means to evaluate student learning across cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains. Expert faculty conducted a literature review to identify published instruments that evaluate primary palliative care student learning outcomes. Selected articles were required to include instrument reliability, validity, or both. The literature search yielded 20 articles that report on the development and testing of 21 instruments. Findings are organized into 3 learning domains that encompass 5 outcomes. Four instruments assess knowledge within the cognitive domain. In the affective domain, 3 instruments assess attitudes about caring for seriously ill or dying patients, 7 assess attitudes about death, and 5 assess self-efficacy. Competence and competency are evaluated in the psychomotor domain with 4 tools. Instrument implementation considerations within each domain are discussed. Faculty are encouraged to use robust evaluation measures such as those identified in the literature review to measure primary palliative care learning outcomes within a competency-based education framework.