Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850.
Nutrition, Health and Food Security Impact Area Platform, Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research, Washington, DC 20005.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2024 Jul 23;121(30):e2403691121. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2403691121. Epub 2024 Jul 17.
The global biodiversity that underpins wild food systems-including fisheries-is rapidly declining. Yet, we often have only a limited understanding of how households use and benefit from biodiversity in the ecosystems surrounding them. Explicating these relationships is critical to forestall and mitigate the effects of biodiversity declines on food and nutrition security. Here, we quantify how biodiversity filters from ecosystems to household harvest, consumption, and sale, and how ecological traits and household characteristics shape these relationships. We used a unique, integrated ecological (40 sites, quarterly data collection) and household survey (n = 414, every 2 mo data collection) dataset collected over 3 y in rice field fisheries surrounding Cambodia's Tonlé Sap, one of Earth's most productive and diverse freshwater systems. While ecosystem biodiversity was positively associated with household catch, consumption, and sold biodiversity, households consumed an average of 43% of the species present in the ecosystem and sold only 9%. Larger, less nutritious, and more common species were disproportionally represented in portfolios of commercially traded species, while consumed species mirrored catches. The relationship between ecosystem and consumed biodiversity was remarkably consistent across variation in household fishing effort, demographics, and distance to nearest markets. Poorer households also consumed more species, underscoring how wild food systems may most benefit the vulnerable. Our findings amplify concerns about the impacts of biodiversity loss on our global food systems and highlight that utilization of biodiversity for consumption may far exceed what is commercially traded.
支撑野生食物系统（包括渔业）的全球生物多样性正在迅速减少。然而，我们通常对家庭如何利用和受益于周围生态系统中的生物多样性只有有限的了解。阐明这些关系对于防止和减轻生物多样性减少对粮食和营养安全的影响至关重要。在这里，我们量化了生物多样性如何从生态系统过滤到家庭收获、消费和销售，以及生态特征和家庭特征如何塑造这些关系。我们使用了一个独特的、综合的生态（40 个地点，每季度数据收集）和家庭调查（n = 414，每两个月数据收集）数据集，该数据集在过去 3 年中收集于柬埔寨洞里萨湖周围的稻田渔业，这里是地球上最具生产力和多样性的淡水系统之一。虽然生态系统生物多样性与家庭捕捞、消费和销售的生物多样性呈正相关，但家庭平均消费了生态系统中存在的物种的 43%，而只销售了 9%。体型更大、营养价值更低、更常见的物种在商业交易物种的组合中不成比例地存在，而消费的物种则与捕捞的物种相匹配。在家庭捕鱼努力、人口统计学和到最近市场的距离的变化下，生态系统和消费生物多样性之间的关系非常一致。较贫穷的家庭也消费了更多的物种，这突显出野生食物系统可能对弱势群体最有益。我们的研究结果放大了对生物多样性丧失对全球粮食系统影响的担忧，并强调了生物多样性的利用可能远远超过商业交易。
