Effects of extrusion conditions on the morphological, functional, and sensory properties of soy press cake extrudates.

We developed and applied 4 extrusion regimens (moisture content between 30 % and 60 % and temperature from 110 °C to 120 °C) with twin-screw extruder for valorising soy press cakes, byproduct of soy drink (Soy) and tofu (Soy) manufacturing processes, by varying physical conditions of extrusion for improving their morphological, functional, and sensory parameters. The valorised soy press cakes were compared to their respective control samples (Soy or Soy) both before and after extrusion. Two quantities (3%-6%) of untreated and extruded soy press cakes were utilised to develop meat analogues. Extrusion introduced striations and reduced flakiness on the surface of extruded press cake samples. Press cakes extruded at higher moisture indicated improved water holding and oil holding capacity. Interestingly, the same press cake samples also scored higher for positive indicators (e.g., juiciness) during sensory assessment. Compared with meat analogue control matrix, all meat analogue samples containing varying amounts of extruded press cake exhibited reduced chewiness, with other parameters relatively unchanged. Our results indicate that extrusion of soy press cakes of both Soy and Soy origin at 120 °C with 60 % moisture results in improving the morphological, functional, and sensory properties of press cakes, making them suitable for development of meat analogues.