Immune surveillance of senescence: potential application to age-related diseases.

Several lines of evidence suggest that the age-dependent accumulation of senescent cells leads to chronic tissue microinflammation, which in turn contributes to age-related pathologies. In general, senescent cells can be eliminated by the host's innate and adaptive immune surveillance system, including macrophages, NK cells, and T cells. Impaired immune surveillance leads to the accumulation of senescent cells and accelerates the aging process. Recently, senescent cells, like cancer cells, have been shown to express certain types of immune checkpoint proteins as well as non-classical immune-tolerant MHC variants, leading to immune escape from surveillance systems. Thus, immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) may be a promising strategy to enhance immune surveillance of senescence, leading to the amelioration of some age-related diseases and tissue dysfunction.