Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, University of South Africa, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa.
Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa.
Toxicol In Vitro. 2024 Oct;100:105898. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105898. Epub 2024 Jul 17.
The application of carbon nanomaterials in diverse fields has substantially increased their demand for commercial usage. Within the earliest decade, the development of functional materials has further increased the significance of this element. Despite the advancements recorded, the potential harmful impacts of embracing carbon nanomaterials for biological applications must be balanced against their advantages. Interestingly, many studies have neglected the intriguing and dynamic cellular interaction of carbon nanomaterials and the mechanistic understanding of their property-driven behaviour, even though common toxicity profiles have been reported. Reiterating the toxicity issue, several researchers conclude that these materials have minimal toxicity and may be safe for contact with biological systems at certain dosages. Here, we aim to provide a report on the significance of some of the properties that influence their toxicity. After that, a description of the implication of nanotoxicology in humans and living systems, revealing piece by piece their exposure routes and possible risks, will be provided. Then, an extensive discussion of the mechanistic puzzle modulating the interface between various human cellular systems and carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, carbon dots, graphene, fullerenes, and nanodiamonds will follow. Finally, this review also sheds light on the organization that handles the risk associated with nanomaterials.
碳纳米材料在各个领域的应用大大增加了其商业用途的需求。在最早的十年中，功能材料的发展进一步提高了这一元素的重要性。尽管取得了进展，但在将碳纳米材料用于生物应用时，必须权衡其优势与潜在的有害影响。有趣的是，尽管已经报道了常见的毒性特征，但许多研究忽略了碳纳米材料与细胞之间有趣和动态的相互作用，以及对其性能驱动行为的机制理解。一些研究人员重申了毒性问题，他们得出的结论是，这些材料的毒性很小，在一定剂量下与生物系统接触可能是安全的。在这里，我们旨在提供一份关于影响其毒性的一些特性的重要性的报告。之后，将描述纳米毒理学在人类和生命系统中的意义，逐步揭示它们的暴露途径和可能的风险。然后，将广泛讨论调节各种人类细胞系统与碳纳米材料（如碳纳米管、碳点、石墨烯、富勒烯和纳米金刚石）之间界面的机制难题。最后，这篇综述还阐明了处理与纳米材料相关风险的组织。
