High altitudes and partial pressure of arterial oxygen in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - A systematic review and meta-analysis.

IMPORTANCE

Prior study in healthy subjects has shown a reduction of partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO) by -1.60 kPa/kilometre of altitude gain. However, the association of altitude-related change in PaO and altitude-related adverse health effects (ARAHE) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remain unknown.

OBJECTIVE

To provide an effect size estimate for the decline in PaO with each kilometre of altitude gain and to identify ARAHE in relation to altitude in patients with COPD. www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero: CRD42020217938.

DATA SOURCES

A systematic search of PubMed and Embase was performed from inception to May 30, 2023.

STUDY SELECTION

Peer-reviewed and prospective studies in patients with COPD staying at altitudes >1500 m providing arterial blood gases within the first 3 days at the target altitude.

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS

Aggregate data (AD) on study characteristics were extracted, and individual patient data (IPD) were requested. Estimates were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis.

MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURES

Relative risk estimates and 95 % confidence intervals for the association between PaO and altitude in patients with COPD.

RESULTS

Thirteen studies were included in the AD analysis, of which 6 studies (222 patients, 45.2 % female) provided IPD, thus were included in the quantitative analysis. The estimated effect size of PaO was -0.84 kPa [95 %CI, -0.92 to -0.76] per 1000 m of altitude gain (I=65.0 %, < 0.001). In multivariable regression analysis, COPD severity, baseline PaO, age and time spent at altitude were predictors for PaO at altitude. Overall, 37.8 % of COPD patients experienced an ARAHE, whereas older age, female sex, COPD severity, baseline PaO and target altitude were predictors for the occurrence of ARAHE (area under ROC curve: 0.9275, < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

This meta-analysis, providing altitude-related decrease in PaO and risk of ARAHE in patients with COPD ascending to altitudes >1500 m, revealed a lower altitude-related decrease in PaO in COPD patients compared with healthy. However, these findings might improve patient care and facilitate decisions about initiating preventive measures against hypoxaemia and ARAHE in patients with COPD planning an altitude sojourn or intercontinental flight, i.e. supplemental oxygen or acetazolamide.