Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
Central Environmental Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne-EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2024 Sep;43(9):1962-1972. doi: 10.1002/etc.5934. Epub 2024 Jun 21.
Tire and road wear particles (TRWP) contain complex mixtures of chemicals and release them to the environment, and potential toxic effects of these chemicals still need to be characterized. We used a standardized surrogate for TRWP, cryogenically milled tire tread (CMTT), to isolate and evaluate effects of tire-associated chemicals. We examined organic chemical mixtures extracted and leached from CMTT for the toxicity endpoints genotoxicity, estrogenicity, and inhibition of bacterial luminescence. The bioassays were performed after chromatographic separation on high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) plates. Extracts of CMTT were active in all three HPTLC bioassays with two estrogenic zones, two genotoxic zones, and two zones inhibiting bacterial luminescence. Extracts of CMTT artificially aged with thermooxidation were equally bioactive in each HPTLC bioassay. Two types of aqueous leachates of unaged CMTT, simulating either digestion by fish or contact with sediment and water, contained estrogenic chemicals and inhibitors of bacterial luminescence with similar profiles to those of CMTT extracts. Of 11 tested tire-associated chemicals, two were estrogenic, three were genotoxic, and several inhibited bacterial luminescence. 1,3-Diphenylguanidine, transformation products of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, and benzothiazoles were especially implicated through comparison to HPTLC retention factors in the CMTT samples. Other bioactive bands in CMTT samples did not correspond to any target chemicals. Tire particles clearly contain and can leach complex mixtures of toxic chemicals to the environment. Although some known chemicals contribute to estrogenic, genotoxic, and antibacterial hazards, unidentified toxic chemicals are still present and deserve further investigation. Overall, our study expands the understanding of potential adverse effects from tire particles and helps improve the link between those effects and the responsible chemicals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1962-1972. © 2024 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
轮胎和道路磨损颗粒（TRWP）含有复杂的化学物质混合物，并将其释放到环境中，这些化学物质的潜在毒性作用仍需要加以描述。我们使用经过冷冻研磨的轮胎胎面（CMTT）作为 TRWP 的标准化替代物，以分离和评估与轮胎相关的化学物质的影响。我们研究了从 CMTT 中提取和浸出的有机化学混合物对毒性终点的遗传毒性、雌激素和细菌发光抑制的影响。在高效薄层色谱（HPTLC）板上进行色谱分离后，进行了生物测定。CMTT 提取物在所有三种 HPTLC 生物测定中均具有活性，其中有两个雌激素区、两个遗传毒性区和两个抑制细菌发光区。经热氧化人工老化的 CMTT 提取物在每种 HPTLC 生物测定中均具有相同的生物活性。两种未老化 CMTT 的水浸出液类型，模拟鱼类消化或与沉积物和水接触，均含有雌激素化学物质和细菌发光抑制剂，其谱与 CMTT 提取物相似。在测试的 11 种轮胎相关化学物质中，有两种具有雌激素活性，三种具有遗传毒性，还有几种抑制细菌发光。1,3-二苯基胍、N-（1,3-二甲基丁基）-N'-苯基对苯二胺的转化产物和苯并噻唑通过与 CMTT 样品中的 HPTLC 保留因子进行比较，特别被牵连在内。CMTT 样品中的其他具有生物活性的条带与任何目标化学物质都不对应。轮胎颗粒显然含有并能将复杂的有毒化学混合物浸出到环境中。尽管一些已知的化学物质会导致雌激素、遗传毒性和抗细菌危害，但仍存在未识别的有毒化学物质，值得进一步研究。总的来说，我们的研究扩展了对轮胎颗粒潜在不良影响的理解，并有助于改善这些影响与负责化学物质之间的联系。环境毒理学与化学 2024；43：1962-1972。©2024 作者。环境毒理学与化学由 Wiley Periodicals LLC 代表 SETAC 出版。
