Distal revascularization and microvascular free tissue transfer: an alternative to amputation in ischemic lesions of the lower extremity.

Most lower extremity amputations result from complications of diabetes and arterio-sclerotic occlusive diseases below the inguinal ligament. Improved limb salvage has been achieved by an aggressive approach to distal revascularization in the severely ischemic lower extremity. There remains, however, a high incidence of amputation resulting from progression of the ulceration or gangrene into deeper and less well-vascularized tissues, such as tendon and bone. Even in the nonischemic extremity, such wounds rarely heal without flap coverage. Microvascular free tissue transfers promote healing by providing coverage with healthy, nondiseased, well-vascularized tissue for these difficult defects. Successful free flap transfer requires a high-pressure recipient inflow vessel. In contrast to individuals with nonarteriosclerotic lesions, many individuals with nonhealing ischemic lesions have no acceptable artery demonstrated on high-resolution angiography to serve as a recipient vessel. Limb salvage has been achieved in four candidates for amputation utilizing distal revascularization followed by free tissue transfer coverage of the ischemic lower leg defects.