Harvest of waterfowl and Sandhill Crane in rural Alaska: Geographic and seasonal patterns.

We estimated the annual harvest of waterfowl and Sandhill Crane Grus canadensis and their eggs by Alaska's rural residents and described seasonal and geographic patterns. Subsistence in Alaska refers to patterns of resource use typical of rural, remote regions where Indigenous people are a high proportion of the population. Rural communities in Alaska rely on the legally-allowed spring-summer harvest of migratory birds for food and socio-cultural wellbeing, in addition to harvests in the fall-winter general hunting season. We based harvest estimates on a large dataset (637 community-years) composed from multiple sources. The estimated annual average harvest of waterfowl and Sandhill Crane by rural residents was 270,641 birds/year (68% in spring-summer, 32% in fall-winter) and 36,692 eggs/year in the 2004-2015 reference period. Harvest estimates for ducks, swans, and Sandhill Crane were lower than in the 1980s-1990s. Harvest amounts, seasonality, and species composition distinguished regional patterns for the Pacific-Aleutian mainland and islands, Bering Sea mainland, St. Lawrence-Diomede islands, North Slope, and Interior Alaska-Upper Copper River. Rural residents accounted for 79% of the total waterfowl harvest in Alaska and high proportions of the total Pacific Flyway harvest for several species of sea ducks, geese, swans, and Sandhill Crane. Alaska's Indigenous people are important partners in harvest management and conservation of migratory birds. Harvest data are needed to inform efficient and appropriate decisions to achieve management goals. This study can facilitate collaboration for harvest management and conservation across Alaska and the flyways by helping diverse users to understand their contributions to the total harvest.