Compatibility of Bioinsecticides with Parasitoids for Enhanced Integrated Pest Management of and .

and are successful biological invaders of agroecosystems. Their integrated pest management (IPM) programs involve the release and/or conservation of natural enemies. Among these, is a major Asian parasitoid of and has been introduced as a classical biological control agent of this pest in Europe and North America, while is a key fortuitous parasitoid of in the Mediterranean region. Bioinsecticides represent key alternatives to chemicals for controlling both pests. This study investigated the potential compatibility of both parasitoids with , , garlic essential oil (EO), and spinosad, in comparison to two synthetic insecticides, cyantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole. The results showed that combining each of the tested insecticides with slightly increased pest mortality compared to the insecticide alone. had a significant additive effect on host mortality when combined with insecticides. and were most compatible with both parasitoid species. Both garlic EO and chlorantraniliprole impaired the survival of immature and showed sublethal toxicity on the reproductive and non-reproductive behaviors of . Spinosad exhibited high acute toxicity on both juvenile and adult parasitoids of both species. Overall, these findings provide useful insights into insecticide selectivity toward two key parasitoids and offer new knowledge on the potential of combining natural enemies and bioinsecticides for optimized IPM.