Beekeeping & Hill Fruit Pests Research Station, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan.
Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
Toxins (Basel). 2024 Jul 12;16(7):315. doi: 10.3390/toxins16070315.
() toxins are potential alternatives to synthetic insecticides for the control of lepidopteran pests. However, the evolution of resistance in some insect pest populations is a threat and can reduce the effectiveness of toxins. In this review, we summarize the results of 161 studies from 20 countries reporting field and laboratory-evolved resistance, cross-resistance, and inheritance, mechanisms, and fitness costs of resistance to different toxins. The studies refer mainly to insects from the United States of America (70), followed by China (31), Brazil (19), India (12), Malaysia (9), Spain (3), and Australia (3). The majority of the studies revealed that most of the pest populations showed susceptibility and a lack of cross-resistance to toxins. Factors that delay resistance include recessive inheritance of resistance, the low initial frequency of resistant alleles, increased fitness costs, abundant refuges of non- and pyramided . The results of field and laboratory resistance, cross-resistance, and inheritance, mechanisms, and fitness cost of resistance are advantageous for predicting the threat of future resistance and making effective strategies to sustain the effectiveness of crops.
（）毒素是替代合成杀虫剂防治鳞翅目害虫的潜在选择。然而，一些昆虫害虫种群对毒素的抗性进化是一种威胁，可能会降低毒素的效果。在这篇综述中，我们总结了来自 20 个国家的 161 项研究结果，这些研究报告了田间和实验室进化的抗性、交叉抗性以及对不同毒素的抗性机制和适应代价。这些研究主要涉及来自美国的昆虫（70 项），其次是中国（31 项）、巴西（19 项）、印度（12 项）、马来西亚（9 项）、西班牙（3 项）和澳大利亚（3 项）。大多数研究表明，大多数害虫种群对毒素表现出敏感性，且缺乏交叉抗性。延缓抗性的因素包括抗性的隐性遗传、抗性等位基因的初始低频率、适应代价的增加、非和嵌合 大量避难所。田间和实验室抗性、交叉抗性、遗传机制以及抗性的适应代价的结果有利于预测未来抗性的威胁，并制定有效策略来维持 作物的有效性。
