Therapeutic Potential of Hydrogen Sulfide in Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury.

Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, a prevalent pathological condition in medical practice, presents significant treatment challenges. Hydrogen sulfide (HS), acknowledged as the third gas signaling molecule, profoundly impacts various physiological and pathophysiological processes. Extensive research has demonstrated that HS can mitigate I/R damage across multiple organs and tissues. This review investigates the protective effects of HS in preventing I/R damage in the heart, brain, liver, kidney, intestines, lungs, stomach, spinal cord, testes, eyes, and other tissues. HS provides protection against I/R damage by alleviating inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress; inhibiting apoptosis, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial autophagy and dysfunction; and regulating microRNAs. Significant advancements in understanding the mechanisms by which HS reduces I/R damage have led to the development and synthesis of HS-releasing agents such as diallyl trisulfide-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DATS-MSN), AP39, zofenopril, and ATB-344, offering a new therapeutic avenue for I/R injury.