School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Cariri (UFCA), Barbalha 63048-080, Ceará, Brazil.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2024 Jun 28;21(7):849. doi: 10.3390/ijerph21070849.
Raynaud's phenomenon of the nipple is a possible cause of pain and breastfeeding cessation in lactating women. However, there are still few studies on the characterization of this manifestation. Thus, we aim to develop a systematic review of the literature carried out between January 1992 and January 2024 in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Virtual Health Library (VHL), and Portal de Periódicos da CAPES. Of the 438 articles, 19 met the eligibility criteria. The findings were divided by heuristic questions into two groups: "Epidemiological, pathophysiological, and clinical characterization of Raynaud's Phenomenon of the nipple" and "Treatment of Raynaud's Phenomenon of the nipple". Raynaud's phenomenon of the nipple is commonly primary, being more prevalent in the postpartum period, in women with a mean age of 32 years. The main triggers appear to be stress and temperature change. Generally, it is associated with a change in color and pain during breastfeeding. A calcium channel blocker was the most used medication with or without non-pharmacological measures.
乳头雷诺现象是哺乳期妇女疼痛和停止母乳喂养的一个可能原因。然而，对于这种表现形式的特征描述仍然很少。因此，我们旨在对 1992 年 1 月至 2024 年 1 月期间在 PubMed、Scopus、Web of Science、Virtual Health Library（VHL）和 CAPES 期刊门户上进行的文献进行系统回顾。在 438 篇文章中，有 19 篇符合入选标准。研究结果根据启发式问题分为两组：“乳头雷诺现象的流行病学、病理生理学和临床特征”和“乳头雷诺现象的治疗”。乳头雷诺现象通常是原发性的，在产后期间更为常见，发生在平均年龄为 32 岁的女性中。主要诱因似乎是压力和温度变化。一般来说，它与母乳喂养期间颜色和疼痛的变化有关。钙通道阻滞剂是最常用的药物，无论是否联合非药物措施。
