Resolution of cryptic mosquito species through wing morphometrics.

Mosquitoes are medically important insects, and accurate species identification is crucial to understanding vector biology, forming the cornerstone of successful vector control programs. Identification is difficult owing to morphologically similar species. Wing morphometrics can provide a simple, fast, and accurate way to classify species, and using it as a method to differentiate vector species among its cryptic congeners has been underexplored. Using a total of 227 mosquitoes and 20 landmarks per specimen, we demonstrated the utility of wing morphometrics in differentiating species two groups occurring in sympatry - Culex (Culex) vishnui group and Culex (Lophoceraomyia) subgenus, as well as explored population-level variation in the wing shape of Aedes albopictus across habitats. Cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene region was sequenced to validate the morphological and morphometric identification. Procrustes ANOVA regression and CVA based on wing shape reflected that the wing landmarks across all species differed significantly, and leave-one-out cross validation revealed an overall high accuracy of >97% for the two Culex groups. Wing morphometrics uncovered population-level variation within Aedes albopictus, but cross validation accuracy was low. Overall, we show that wing geomorphometric analysis is able to resolve cryptic Culex species (including vectors) occurring sympatrically, and is a robust tool for identifying mosquitoes reliably.