Structure of yeast RAVE bound to a partial V complex.

Vacuolar-type ATPases (V-ATPases) are membrane-embedded proton pumps that acidify intracellular compartments in almost all eukaryotic cells. Homologous with ATP synthases, these multi-subunit enzymes consist of a soluble catalytic V subcomplex and a membrane-embedded proton-translocating V subcomplex. The V and V subcomplexes can undergo reversible dissociation to regulate proton pumping, with reassociation of V and V requiring the protein complex known as RAVE (regulator of the A TPase of v acuoles and e ndosomes). In the yeast , RAVE consists of subunits Rav1p, Rav2p, and Skp1p. We used electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM) to determine a structure of yeast RAVE bound to V . In the structure, RAVE is a L-shaped complex with Rav2p pointing toward the membrane and Skp1p distant from both the membrane and V . Only Rav1p interacts with V , binding to a region of subunit A not found in the corresponding ATP synthase subunit. When bound to RAVE, V is in a rotational state suitable for binding the free V complex, but it is partially disrupted in the structure, missing five of its 16 subunits. Other than these missing subunits and the conformation of the inhibitory subunit H, the V complex with RAVE appears poised for reassembly with V .