Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, , Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
Molecular Medicine Research Center, , Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
Parasite Immunol. 2024 Jul;46(7):e13060. doi: 10.1111/pim.13060.
Toxoplasmosis as a zoonotic disease has a worldwide distribution and can infect a wide range of animal hosts, as well as at least one third of the world's human population. The disease is usually mild or asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, but dormant tissue cysts survive especially in the brain for the host lifespan, known as latent toxoplasmosis (LT). Recent studies suggest that LT can have certain neurological, immunological psychological and behavioural effects on human including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer's disease, depression, suicide anxiety and sleeping disorders. LT effects are controversial, and their exact mechanisms of action is not yet fully understood. This review aims to provide an overview of the potential effects, their basic mechanisms including alteration of neurotransmitter levels, immune activation in the central nervous system and induction of oxidative stress. Additionally, beneficial effects of LT, and an explanation of the effects within the framework of manipulation hypothesis, and finally, the challenges and limitations of the current research are discussed.
弓形虫病作为一种人畜共患病，分布广泛，可感染多种动物宿主，以及全球至少三分之一的人口。在免疫功能正常的个体中，该病通常为轻度或无症状，但休眠组织囊肿在宿主的整个生命周期中特别在大脑中存活，被称为潜伏性弓形虫病（LT）。最近的研究表明，LT 可能对人类的某些神经系统、免疫、心理和行为产生影响，包括精神分裂症、双相情感障碍、阿尔茨海默病、抑郁症、自杀焦虑和睡眠障碍。LT 影响存在争议，其确切作用机制尚不完全清楚。本综述旨在概述其潜在影响，以及包括改变神经递质水平、中枢神经系统免疫激活和诱导氧化应激等基本机制。此外，还讨论了 LT 的有益影响，并在操纵假说的框架内解释了其影响，最后讨论了当前研究的挑战和局限性。
