Department of Environmental Science, College of Agriculture, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
Department of Science and Technology Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
Environ Monit Assess. 2024 Jul 29;196(8):765. doi: 10.1007/s10661-024-12893-8.
Marginalized communities experience barriers that can prevent soil monitoring efforts and knowledge transfer. To address this challenge, this study compared two analytical methods: portable X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (pXRF, less time, cost) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS, "gold standard"). Surface soil samples were collected from residential sites in Arizona, USA (N = 124) and public areas in Troy, New York, USA (N = 33). Soil preparation differed between groups to account for community practice. Statistical calculations were conducted, paired t test, Bland-Altman plot, and a two-way ANOVA indicated no significant difference for As, Ba, Ca, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn concentrations except for Ba in the t test. Iron, Ni, Cr, and K were statistically different for Arizona soils and V, Ni, Fe, and Al concentrations were statistically different for New York soils. Zinc was the only element with high R and low p value. Pollution load index (PLI), enrichment factors (EF), and geo-accumulation index (I) were calculated for both methods using U.S. Geological Survey data. The PLI were > 1, indicating soil pollution in the two states. Between pXRF and ICP-MS, the I and EF in Arizona had similar degree of contamination for most elements except Zn in garden and Pb in yard, respectively. For New York, the I of As, Cu, and Zn differed by only one classification index between the two methods. The pXRF was reliable in determining As, Ba, Ca, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn in impacted communities. Therefore, the pXRF can be a cost-effective alternative to using ICP-MS techniques to screen soil samples for several environmentally relevant contaminants to protect environmental public health.
边缘化社区面临着各种障碍，这些障碍可能会阻碍土壤监测工作和知识传播。为了解决这一挑战，本研究比较了两种分析方法：便携式 X 射线荧光光谱法（pXRF，用时更短，成本更低）和电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS，“金标准”）。本研究从美国亚利桑那州的居民区（N=124）和美国纽约州特洛伊的公共区域（N=33）采集了表层土壤样本。为了考虑社区的实际情况，两组样本的土壤制备方法有所不同。进行了统计计算，包括配对 t 检验、Bland-Altman 图和双向方差分析，结果表明除了 t 检验中的 Ba 之外，As、Ba、Ca、Cu、Mn、Pb 和 Zn 浓度没有显著差异。对于亚利桑那州的土壤，Fe、Ni、Cr 和 K 具有统计学差异，而对于纽约州的土壤，V、Ni、Fe 和 Al 浓度具有统计学差异。锌是唯一具有高 R 和低 p 值的元素。使用美国地质调查局的数据，为两种方法计算了污染负荷指数（PLI）、富集因子（EF）和地积累指数（I）。两种方法计算的 PLI 均>1，表明这两个州的土壤受到了污染。对于亚利桑那州，pXRF 和 ICP-MS 计算的 I 和 EF 对于大多数元素的污染程度相似，除了花园土壤中的 Zn 和院子土壤中的 Pb。对于纽约州，仅有一种土壤中 As、Cu 和 Zn 的 I 存在一个分类指数的差异。在受影响社区中，pXRF 可以可靠地测定 As、Ba、Ca、Cu、Mn、Pb 和 Zn。因此，pXRF 可以作为一种具有成本效益的替代方法，用于使用 ICP-MS 技术筛选土壤样本中的几种与环境相关的污染物，以保护环境公共健康。
