Iorizzo Massimo, Albanese Gianluca, Letizia Francesco, Testa Bruno, Di Criscio Dalila, Petrarca Sonia, Di Martino Catello, Ganassi Sonia, Avino Pasquale, Pannella Gianfranco, Aturki Zeineb, Tedino Cosimo, De Cristofaro Antonio
Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100, Campobasso, Italy.
CONAPROA, Consorzio Nazionale Produttori Apistici, 86100, Campobasso, Italy.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2025 Apr;32(16):10425-10435. doi: 10.1007/s11356-024-34517-x. Epub 2024 Jul 29.
The pollination of several crops, as well as wild plants, depends on honeybees. To get the nutrients required for growth and survival, honeybee colonies are dependent on pollen supply. Bee pollen (BP) is partially packed in honeycomb cells and processed into beebread (BB) by microbial metabolism. The composition of pollen is highly variable and is mainly dependent on ecological habitat, geographical origin, honey plants, climatic conditions, and seasonal variations. Although there are important differences between the BP and the BB, little comparative chemical and microbiological data on this topic exists in the literature, particularly for samples with the same origin. In this study, BP and BB pollen samples were collected from two apiaries located in the Campania and Molise regions of Southern Italy. Phenolic profiles were detected via HPLC, while antioxidant activity was determined by ABTS and DPPH assay. The next-generation sequencing (NGS) based on RNA analysis of 16S (rRNA) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) regions were used to investigate the microbial community (bacteria and fungi) and botanical origin of the BP and BB. Chemical analysis showed a higher content of flavonols in BP (rutin, myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol), while in BB there was a higher content of phenolic acids. The NGS analysis revealed that the microbial communities and pollen sources are dependent on the geographical location of apiaries. In addition, diversity was highlighted between the microbial communities present in the BP and BB samples collected from each apiary.
几种农作物以及野生植物的授粉都依赖于蜜蜂。为了获取生长和生存所需的营养物质，蜂群依赖于花粉供应。蜂花粉（BP）部分储存在蜂巢中，并通过微生物代谢加工成蜂粮（BB）。花粉的成分变化很大，主要取决于生态栖息地、地理来源、蜜源植物、气候条件和季节变化。尽管BP和BB之间存在重要差异，但关于这一主题的比较化学和微生物学数据在文献中很少见，特别是对于同一来源的样本。在本研究中，从意大利南部坎帕尼亚和莫利塞地区的两个养蜂场采集了BP和BB花粉样本。通过高效液相色谱法检测酚类物质谱，同时通过ABTS和DPPH法测定抗氧化活性。基于16S（rRNA）和内转录间隔区（ITS2）区域的RNA分析的下一代测序（NGS）用于研究BP和BB的微生物群落（细菌和真菌）以及植物来源。化学分析表明，BP中黄酮醇（芦丁、杨梅素、槲皮素和山奈酚）含量较高，而BB中酚酸含量较高。NGS分析表明，微生物群落和花粉来源取决于养蜂场的地理位置。此外，从每个养蜂场采集的BP和BB样本中存在的微生物群落之间的多样性也很突出。
