Causal Brain Network Predicts Surgical Outcomes in Patients With Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: A Retrospective Comparative Study.

Network neuroscience, especially causal brain network, has facilitated drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) studies, while surgical success rate in patients with DRE is still limited, varying from 30%  ∼  70 %. Predicting surgical outcomes can provide additional guidance to adjust treatment plans in time for poorly predicted curative effects. In this retrospective study, we aim to systematically explore biomarkers for surgical outcomes by causal brain network methods and multicenter datasets. Electrocorticogram (ECoG) recordings from 17 DRE patients with 58 seizures were included. Ictal ECoG within clinically annotated epileptogenic zone (EZ) and non-epileptogenic zone (NEZ) were separately computed using six different algorithms to construct causal brain networks. All the brain network results were divided into two groups, successful and failed surgeries. Statistical results based on the Mann-Whitney-U-test show that: causal connectivity of α -frequency band ( 8  ∼  13 Hz) in EZ calculated by convergent cross mapping (CCM) gains the most significant differences between the surgical success and failure groups, with a P value of 7.85e-08 and Cohen's d effect size of 0.77. CCM-defined EZ brain network can also distinguish the successful and failed surgeries considering clinical covariates (clinical centers, DRE types) with [Formula: see text]. Based on the brain network features, machine learning models were developed to predict the surgical outcomes. Among them, the SVM classifier with Gaussian kernel function and Bayesian optimization demonstrates the highest average accuracy of 84.48% by 5-fold cross-validation, further indicating that the CCM-defined EZ brain network is a reliable biomarker for predicting DRE surgical outcomes.