Löfberg Ida E, Karppinen Jari E, Laatikainen-Raussi Vesa, Lehti Maarit, Hackney Anthony C, Ihalainen Johanna K, Mikkonen Ritva S
Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FINLAND.
Department of Exercise & Sport Science-Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2024 Dec 1;56(12):2285-2295. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003518. Epub 2024 Jul 31.
Resting energy expenditure (REE) may fluctuate during the menstrual cycle (MC), due to the physiological effects of estradiol (E2) and progesterone. This study examined changes in REE and metabolic hormones (leptin, ghrelin, thyroid hormones), and dietary intake in two hormonally distinct groups, naturally menstruating women (NoOC) and women using monophasic combined oral contraceptives (COC).
Measurements included REE by indirect calorimetry, body composition by bioimpedance, and blood samples for hormone analysis in the early follicular and midluteal phases of the MC in the NoOC group ( n = 38) or the active and inactive phases of the COC cycle (COC; n = 19). Participants recorded their food intake for 3 d after measurements. A secondary analysis was completed for the NoOC group without REE outliers (difference between measurements >1.5 × interquartile range, n = 4).
In the NoOC group, luteal phase REE was 40 kcal higher than follicular phase REE (95% confidence interval (CI), -2 to 82 kcal·d -1 , d = 0.20, P = 0.061). Leptin ( d = 0.35, P < 0.001), triiodothyronine (T3; d = 0.26, P = 0.05), and fat intake ( d = 0.48, P = 0.027) were higher, and thyroxine ( d = 0.21, P = 0.041) was lower in the luteal phase. After excluding outliers, REE was 44 kcal higher in the luteal phase than in the follicular phase (95% CI, 12-76 kcal·d -1 , d = 0.22, P = 0.007). In the COC group, the mean difference in REE was -2 kcal (95% CI, -82 to 79 kcal·d -1 ) between active and inactive phases, whereas T3 was higher in the inactive phase ( d = 0.01, P = 0.037).
REE increases only slightly from the follicular to the luteal phase but remains unchanged between COC phases. Increases in T3, leptin, and fat intake during the luteal phase might echo metabolic fluctuations that parallel female sex hormones during the MC.
由于雌二醇（E2）和孕酮的生理作用，静息能量消耗（REE）在月经周期（MC）中可能会波动。本研究调查了两组激素状态不同的人群，即自然月经周期女性（未使用口服避孕药，NoOC）和使用单相复方口服避孕药（COC）的女性，其REE、代谢激素（瘦素、胃饥饿素、甲状腺激素）及饮食摄入量的变化情况。
测量项目包括通过间接测热法测定REE，通过生物电阻抗分析法测定身体成分，以及在NoOC组（n = 38）的MC卵泡早期和黄体中期或COC周期的服药期和非服药期（COC组；n = 19）采集血样进行激素分析。测量后，参与者记录3天的食物摄入量。对无REE异常值的NoOC组（测量值差异>1.5×四分位间距，n = 4）进行了二次分析。
在NoOC组中，黄体期REE比卵泡期REE高40千卡（95%置信区间（CI），-2至82千卡·天-1，d = 0.20，P = 0.061）。黄体期的瘦素（d = 0.35，P < 0.001）、三碘甲状腺原氨酸（T3；d = 0.26，P = 0.05）和脂肪摄入量（d = 0.48，P = 0.027）较高，而甲状腺素（d = 0.21，P = 0.041）较低。排除异常值后，黄体期REE比卵泡期高44千卡（95% CI，12 - 76千卡·天-1，d = 0.22，P = 0.007）。在COC组中，服药期和非服药期REE的平均差异为-2千卡（95% CI，-82至79千卡·天-1），而T3在非服药期较高（d = 0.01，P = 0.037）。
从卵泡期到黄体期REE仅略有增加，但在COC周期各阶段之间保持不变。黄体期T3、瘦素和脂肪摄入量的增加可能反映了与MC期间女性性激素平行的代谢波动。
