Interactions of graphene oxide with the microbial community of biologically active filters from a water treatment plant.

With widespread occurrence and increasing concern of emerging contaminants (CECs) in source water, biologically active filters (BAF) have been gaining acceptance in water treatment. Both BAFs and graphene oxide (GO) have been shown to be effective in treating CECs. However, studies to date have not addressed interactions between GO and microbial communities in water treatment processes such as BAFs. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effect of GO on the properties and microbial growth rate in a BAF system. Synthesized GO was characterized with a number of tools, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Raman spectrometry. GO exhibited the characteristic surface functional groups (i.e., C-OH, C=O, C-O-C, and COOH), crystalline structure, and sheet-like morphology. To address the potential toxicity of GO on the microbial community, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was measured using nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) assay. Results revealed that during the exponential growth phase, ROS generation was not observed in the presence of GO compared to the control batch. In fact, the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations increased in the presence of GO (25 μg/L - 1000 μg/L) compared to the control without GO. The growth rate in systems with GO exceeded the control by 20 % to 46 %. SEM images showed that GO sheets can form an effective scaffold to promote bacterial adhesion, proliferation, and biofilm formation, demonstrating its biocompatibility. Next-generation sequencing (Illumina MiSeq) was used to characterize the BAF microbial community, and high-throughput sequencing analysis confirmed the greater richness and more diverse microbial communities compared to systems without GO. This study is the first to report the effect of GO on the microbial community of BAF from a water treatment plant, which provides new insights into the potential of utilizing a bio-optimized BAF for advanced and sustainable water treatment or reuse strategies.