Oesterdiekhoff Georg W
Department Sociology, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
Integr Psychol Behav Sci. 2024 Dec;58(4):1805-1841. doi: 10.1007/s12124-024-09846-8. Epub 2024 Aug 2.
J. Piaget wanted to study children to find a key to understanding history of mind, culture, science, and philosophy. The new theory program, called the structural-genetic theory program, developed by the author of this article, is an off-spring of Piagetian theory and follows Piaget's main idea concerning the study of parallels between ontogenetic and historical developments. It maintains the full identity of the child's psyche and that of the adult archaic human being concerning traits and features of the preoperational stage and partially the concrete operational stage, thereby evidencing the total sally of the formal operational stage in the minds of archaic people. The identity of the stage structures is not partially given but rather entirely and implies even the smallest details. The article exemplifies this identity concerning several central issues, such as logic, physical understanding, categories such as causality and chance, animism, personification of plants and animals, belief in magic, metamorphosis, ghosts, and understanding of dreams and myths. Accordingly, there is no difference between ontogenetic stages and the psychogenetic development of humankind throughout history. Historically, humankind has gone through the same stages as children do. The new theory program presents the fundamental theory of the human being as he or she existed in history and peopled archaic, ancient, and medieval societies. Consequently, the world history of culture, mind, worldview, politics, law, science, philosophy, morals, religion, and arts must be reconstructed in terms of stages, a task already accomplished by the new program, at least to a certain extent.
让·皮亚杰想要研究儿童，以找到理解心智、文化、科学和哲学史的关键。本文作者所提出的名为结构 - 发生论理论项目的新理论项目，是皮亚杰理论的产物，遵循了皮亚杰关于研究个体发生与历史发展之间平行关系的主要思想。它认为儿童的心理与古代成年人的心理在涉及前运算阶段以及部分具体运算阶段的特征和特性方面完全相同，从而证明古代人思维中形式运算阶段的完全缺失。阶段结构的同一性不是部分存在，而是完全存在，甚至意味着最微小的细节。本文通过几个核心问题举例说明了这种同一性，比如逻辑、对物理的理解、因果关系和偶然性等范畴、泛灵论、动植物的拟人化、对魔法的信仰、变形、鬼魂以及对梦和神话的理解。因此，个体发生阶段与人类历史上的心理发生发展之间没有差异。从历史角度看，人类经历了与儿童相同的阶段。新理论项目呈现了人类在历史中存在并构成古代、古代和中世纪社会时的基本理论。因此，文化、心智、世界观、政治、法律、科学、哲学、道德、宗教和艺术的世界历史必须按照阶段进行重构，这一任务新理论项目至少在一定程度上已经完成。
