An insight into pathogenicity and virulence gene content of spp. and its biocontrol strategies.

The genus primarily serves as a plant pathogen, targeting a diverse range of economically significant crops on a global scale. spp. utilizes a collection of toxins, adhesins, and protein effectors as part of their toolkit to thrive in their surroundings, and establish themselves within plant hosts. The bacterial secretion systems (Type 1 to Type 6) assist in delivering the effector proteins to their intended destinations. These secretion systems are specialized multi-protein complexes responsible for transporting proteins into the extracellular milieu or directly into host cells. The potent virulence and systematic infection system result in rapid dissemination of the bacteria, posing significant challenges in management due to complexities and substantial loss incurred. Consequently, there has been a notable increase in the utilization of chemical pesticides, leading to bioaccumulation and raising concerns about adverse health effects. Biological control mechanisms through beneficial microorganism (, , , , AMF, etc.) have proven to be an appropriate alternative in integrative pest management system. This review details the pathogenicity and virulence factors of , as well as its control strategies. It also encourages the use of biological control agents, which promotes sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural practices.