Impacts of invasion on a freshwater cleaning symbiosis.

Organismal invasions have repeatedly been cited as a driving force behind the loss of biodiversity. Unlike many other impacts of invasion, the effect of invasion on native symbiont communities has received less attention. The introduction of invasive hosts presents a potential opportunity to native symbionts; invasive hosts could benefit native symbionts through providing a novel host environment that improves symbiont fitness relative to their fitness on native hosts. Alternatively, invasive hosts could noncompetent hosts for native symbionts, resulting in negative impacts on native symbiont abundance and diversity. Crayfish in the northern hemisphere host diverse assemblages of obligate annelid symbionts (P: Anellida, O: Branchiobdellida). Two invasive crayfish hosts in the genus Faxonius have been introduced and are interacting with the native crayfish hosts and their symbionts in three watersheds in western Virginia, USA. Previous studies suggest that the invasive host F. cristavarius is a less competent host for symbionts compared to native hosts in the genus Cambarus. We carried out an extensive survey in these watersheds to determine impacts of varying degrees of invasion on branchiobdellidan abundance and diversity. We also conducted a complementary host replacement experiment to investigate how increases in the relative abundance of invasive hosts contributes to observed patterns of symbiont abundance and diversity in the field. In our survey, as the proportion of invasive hosts at a site increased, branchiobdellidan abundance and diversity declined significantly. In the experiment, the worms dispersed onto both native and invasive hosts. As the percentage of noncompetent F. cristavarius hosts increased, the survival of branchiobdellidans declined. Both symbiont survival and opportunities for successful dispersal are reduced as this noncompetent invasive host progressively displaces native hosts, which imperils the integrity of native host-symbiont systems. Given that many native hosts accrue significant fitness benefits from their relationships with native symbionts, including hosts in our study system, losses of beneficial symbionts may produce a positive feedback loop that decreases invasion resistance of native species, exacerbates the effects of invasions, and presents a major conservation issue in invaded systems.