Piecing together Pakistan's health system and global health security.

Pakistan's health system has a critical role to play in global health security, however, it faces numerous structural and systemic challenges while contributing to international health efforts. Understanding the dynamics of health system is essential for developing effective strategies to prevent, detect, and respond to health emergencies, ensuring regional stability, and the overall global health security This paper documents the strengths and weaknesses of Pakistan's health systems, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, challenges such as funding constraints and fragmented healthcare delivery, threats including antimicrobial resistance, and the importance of international collaboration. Anti-microbial particularly multi-drug resistance, food safety in emergencies, surge capacity of the frontline workforce, patient safety at the health care facilities to curtail healthcare associated infections, and strengthening the points of entry are still the areas that need special attention. To optimise the system's performance, governance and accountability mechanisms are necessary to be put in place under the auspices of national public health agency. Pakistan has the potential to transform its health system by addressing these critical areas and improve its preparedness and readiness for any future health emergency of this scale.