Willis-Moore Mariah E, Haynes Jeremy M, Frye Charles C J, Johnson Hannah M, Cousins Devanio J, Bamfo Humphrey D, Odum Amy L
Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, UT USA.
Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA USA.
Perspect Behav Sci. 2024 Jul 3;47(2):365-392. doi: 10.1007/s40614-024-00412-6. eCollection 2024 Jun.
Delay discounting, the decrease in outcome value as a function of delay to receipt, is an extensive area of research. How delays are framed (i.e., temporal framing), as well as the sign and magnitude of an outcome, produce important effects on the degree to which outcomes are discounted. Here, we examined how recent experience (i.e., order of presentation) modifies these well-known findings. Experiment 1 examined the effects of temporal framing across gains and losses. Regardless of outcome sign, the order of task presentation affected the effect of temporal framing. In particular, when typical delay frames (e.g., 1 week) preceded delays framed as actual dates (e.g., February 15), discounting was less in the date-framed task. However, when dates were followed by the delay frame, there was no difference in the degree of discounting. The experience of date-framed delays persisted or carried over to the delay-framed task. Experiment 2 examined recent experience and the magnitude effect. In particular, $10 and $100 were discounted similarly between-subjects when it was the first task completed. However, once participants completed the second magnitude task, the magnitude effect was present both within-subjects and across subjects. Furthermore, $10 was discounted more steeply when it followed $100, and $100 was discounted less steeply when it followed $10. The impact of recent experience on delay discounting has important implications for understanding mechanisms that may contribute to delay discounting. Recent experience should be considered when designing delay discounting experiments as well as when implementing interventions to reduce steep delay discounting.
延迟折扣是指结果价值随获得结果的延迟时间而降低，这是一个广泛的研究领域。延迟的呈现方式（即时间框架）以及结果的正负和大小，都会对结果被折扣的程度产生重要影响。在此，我们研究了近期经历（即呈现顺序）如何改变这些广为人知的发现。实验1考察了收益和损失情况下时间框架的影响。无论结果的正负如何，任务呈现的顺序都会影响时间框架的效果。具体而言，当典型的延迟框架（如1周）先于以实际日期（如2月15日）呈现的延迟时，在以日期为框架的任务中折扣较小。然而，当日期之后是延迟框架时，折扣程度没有差异。以日期为框架的延迟经历会持续或延续到以延迟为框架的任务中。实验2考察了近期经历和大小效应。具体来说，当10美元和100美元是第一个完成的任务时，被试之间对它们的折扣相似。然而，一旦参与者完成了第二个大小任务，大小效应在被试内和被试间都存在。此外，当10美元跟随100美元之后时，其折扣更陡峭，而当100美元跟随10美元之后时，其折扣则没那么陡峭。近期经历对延迟折扣的影响对于理解可能导致延迟折扣的机制具有重要意义。在设计延迟折扣实验以及实施减少陡峭延迟折扣的干预措施时，都应考虑近期经历。
