单萜类抗真菌活性:评估香叶醇、香茅醛和芳樟醇对生物膜、宿主炎症反应及构效关系的影响

Monoterpene antifungal activities: evaluating geraniol, citronellal, and linalool on biofilm, host inflammatory responses, and structure-activity relationships.

作者信息

Vasconcelos Priscilla Guimarães Silva, Lee Kyu Min, Abuna Gabriel Flores, Costa Edja Maria Melo Brito, Murata Ramiro Mendonça

机构信息

Department of Dentistry, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, State University of Paraiba, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil.

Department of Foundational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.

出版信息

Front Pharmacol. 2024 Jul 19;15:1394053. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1394053. eCollection 2024.

Abstract

Despite the rising concern with fungal resistance, a myriad of molecules has yet to be explored. Geraniol, linalool, and citronellal are monoterpenes with the same molecular formula (CHO), however, neither the effect of these compounds on inflammatory axis induced by spp. nor the antibiofilm Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) have been well-investigated. Herein we analyzed geraniol, linalool and citronellal antifungal activity, cytotoxicity, and distinctive antibiofilm SAR, also the influence of geraniol on spp induced dysregulated inflammatory axis, and toxicity. Minimal inhibitory (MIC) and fungicidal (MFC) concentrations against spp were defined, followed by antibiofilm activity (CFU-colony forming unit/mL/g of dry weight). Cytotoxic activity was assessed using human monocytes (THP-1) and oral squamous cell (TR146). Geraniol was selected for further analysis based on antifungal, antibiofilm and cytotoxic results. Geraniol was tested using a dual-chamber co-culture model with TR146 cells infected with , and THP-1 cells, used to mimic oral epithelium upon fungal infection. Expression of enzymes (phospholipase-PLB and aspartyl proteases-SAP) and host inflammatory cytokines (interleukins: IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, IL-18, IL-10, and Tumor necrosis factor-TNF) were analyzed. Lastly, geraniol toxicity was assessed using . MIC values obtained were 1.25-5 mM/mL for geraniol, 25-100 mM/mL for linalool, and 100-200 mM/mL for citronellal. Geraniol 5 and 50 mM/mL reduced yeast viability during biofilm analysis, only 500 mM/mL of linalool was effective against a 72 h biofilm and no biofilm activity was seen for citronellal. LD for TR146 and THP-1 were, respectively: geraniol 5.883 and 8.027 mM/mL; linalool 1.432 and 1.709 mM/mL; and citronellal 0.3006 and 0.1825 mM/mL. Geraniol was able to downregulate expression of fungal enzymes and host pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18. Finally, safety parameters were observed up to 20 mM/Kg. Despite chemical similarities, geraniol presented better antifungal, antibiofilm activity, and lower cytotoxicity when compared to the other monoterpenes. It also showed low toxicity and capacity to downregulate the expression of fungal enzymes and host pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, it can be highlighted as a viable option for oral candidiasis treatment.

摘要

尽管对真菌耐药性的关注日益增加,但仍有大量分子有待探索。香叶醇、芳樟醇和香茅醛是具有相同分子式(CHO)的单萜类化合物,然而,这些化合物对由 spp. 诱导的炎症轴的影响以及抗生物膜结构 - 活性关系(SAR)尚未得到充分研究。在此,我们分析了香叶醇、芳樟醇和香茅醛的抗真菌活性、细胞毒性以及独特的抗生物膜 SAR,还研究了香叶醇对 spp. 诱导的失调炎症轴的影响以及 毒性。确定了针对 spp. 的最低抑菌(MIC)和杀菌(MFC)浓度,随后进行抗生物膜活性测定(CFU - 菌落形成单位/毫升/克干重)。使用人单核细胞(THP - 1)和口腔鳞状细胞(TR146)评估细胞毒性活性。基于抗真菌、抗生物膜和细胞毒性结果,选择香叶醇进行进一步分析。使用双室共培养模型对香叶醇进行测试,该模型包含感染了 的 TR146 细胞和用于模拟真菌感染时口腔上皮的 THP - 1 细胞。分析了 酶(磷脂酶 - PLB 和天冬氨酸蛋白酶 - SAP)和宿主炎症细胞因子(白细胞介素:IL - 1β、IL - 6、IL - 17、IL - 18、IL - 10 和肿瘤坏死因子 - TNF)的表达。最后,使用 评估香叶醇 毒性。获得的 MIC 值为:香叶醇 1.25 - 5 mM/毫升,芳樟醇 25 - 100 mM/毫升,香茅醛 100 - 200 mM/毫升。在生物膜分析中,5 和 50 mM/毫升的香叶醇降低了酵母活力,仅 500 mM/毫升的芳樟醇对 72 小时生物膜有效,而香茅醛未显示出生物膜活性。TR146 和 THP - 1 的 LD 分别为:香叶醇 5.883 和 8.027 mM/毫升;芳樟醇 1.432 和 1.709 mM/毫升;香茅醛 0.3006 和 0.1825 mM/毫升。香叶醇能够下调真菌酶和宿主促炎细胞因子 IL - 1β、IL - 6 和 IL - 18 的表达。最后,在高达 20 mM/千克时观察到安全 参数。尽管化学性质相似,但与其他单萜类化合物相比,香叶醇具有更好的抗真菌、抗生物膜活性和更低的细胞毒性。它还显示出低 毒性以及下调真菌酶和宿主促炎细胞因子表达的能力。因此,它可被视为治疗口腔念珠菌病的可行选择。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/83fa/11294919/9dca16d09f7b/fphar-15-1394053-g001.jpg

文献AI研究员

20分钟写一篇综述,助力文献阅读效率提升50倍

立即体验

用中文搜PubMed

大模型驱动的PubMed中文搜索引擎

马上搜索