Legal Medicine Section, Biomorf Department, Messina University, Messina, Italy.
INAIL Centre, Enna, Italy.
Clin Ter. 2024 Jul-Aug;175(Suppl 2(4)):125-129. doi: 10.7417/CT.2024.5099.
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (BPA) is a forensic scientific discipline used to resolve criminal events. By studying the size, shape, and distribution of the bloodstains that constitute one or more bloodstain patterns, it is possible to determine the physical events responsible for their creation, as well as the positions and movements of the victim and, in cases of homicide, the perpetrator during the act.
BPA analysis was applied as a support in the reconstruction of the event dynamics in four forensic cases, in addition to the data collected during on-site inspections and instrumental investigations including PMCT, autopsies, histological, and toxicological analyses. Particularly laborious was its application in a case involving a decomposed body. In all cases, a thorough photographic analysis of the bloodstains found on the clothing worn as well as in the areas surrounding the location of the corpse was conducted.
The combination of investigations, together with the data derived from the application of BPA, allowed events to be attributed to: homicide by blunt force trauma; homicide-suicide using a bladed weapon; homicide using firearms; unplanned complex suicide. The analysis of the cases presented highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach through the use of additional instrumental and specialist investigations such as the study of bloodstains present at the crime scene for the reconstruction of criminal events.
血迹形态分析（BPA）是一门用于解决犯罪事件的法医学科。通过研究构成一个或多个血迹形态的血斑的大小、形状和分布，可以确定导致其产生的物理事件，以及受害者的位置和运动，在杀人案件中，还可以确定犯罪行为发生时凶手的位置和运动。
BPA 分析被用作支持，除了现场检查和仪器调查（包括 PMCT、尸检、组织学和毒理学分析）中收集的数据外，还应用于四个法医案例中对事件动态的重建。在涉及分解尸体的案例中，其应用尤其费力。在所有情况下，对衣服上以及尸体所在位置周围区域发现的血迹进行了彻底的摄影分析。
通过调查以及从 BPA 应用中得出的数据相结合，事件被归因于：钝器打击导致的杀人；使用刃器的杀人自杀；使用枪支的杀人；无计划的复杂自杀。所呈现案例的分析强调了通过使用其他仪器和专业调查（例如对犯罪现场存在的血迹进行研究）来进行多学科方法的重要性，以重建犯罪事件。
