Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
World Botanical Associates, Bakersfield, CA, 93380, USA.
Prog Chem Org Nat Prod. 2024;124:185-233. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-59567-7_3.
A lichen is a symbiotic association composed of a primary mycobionts and one or more photobionts living mutualistically together, forming a distinct morphological entity beneficial to their partnership and to other associated fungi, photobionts, and bacteria that collectively make up the lichen biome. The taxonomic identification of a lichen species often requires determination of the primary mycobiont's secondary metabolites, the key morphological characteristics of the thallus, and how it relates to other lichen species as seen in DNA phylogeny. This chapter covers lichens and their bionts, taxonomic identification, and their chemical constituents as exemplified by what is found in lichen biomes, especially those endemic to North America. Extraction and isolation, as well as updates on dereplication methods using mass spectrometric GNPS and NMR spectroscopic spin network fingerprint procedures, and marker-based techniques to identify lichens are discussed. The isolation and structure elucidation of secondary metabolites of an endolichenic Penicillium species that produces bioactive compounds will be described in detail.
地衣是一种共生联合体，由一个主要的真菌共生体和一个或多个光合共生体共生在一起，形成一个独特的形态实体，有利于它们的共生和其他相关真菌、光合共生体和细菌的共生，这些共生体共同构成了地衣生物群系。地衣物种的分类鉴定通常需要确定主要真菌共生体的次生代谢物、叶状体的关键形态特征以及它与其他地衣物种的关系，这些可以通过 DNA 系统发育来观察到。本章涵盖了地衣及其生物群、分类鉴定以及它们的化学组成，以地衣生物群系中发现的物质为例，特别是那些特有的北美地衣生物群系。讨论了提取和分离，以及使用质谱 GNPS 和 NMR 波谱自旋网络指纹程序进行去重识别方法的更新，以及基于标记的技术来识别地衣。还将详细描述从产生生物活性化合物的内生青霉属 Penicillium 物种中分离和结构阐明次生代谢物。
