John Sealy School of Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
School of Health Professions, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2024;1458:335-348. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-61943-4_22.
Chronic conditions or diseases are defined as persistent conditions lasting ≥ 1 year requiring either ongoing medical attention or limiting daily living or both (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) in Programs: SHARE approach workshop, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) (2016) Programs: SHARE approach workshop 2016. https://www.ahrq.gov/professionals/education/curriculum-tools/shareddecisionmaking/workshop/index.html . Accessed 20 Jan 2017). Physical chronic conditions, including diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, arthritis, and stroke, are prevalent, especially in the older population. Over 90% of older adults have at least 1 and 77% have ≥ 2 chronic conditions (American Diabetes Association (ADA) in Statistics about diabetes, American Diabetes Association (ADA) (2023) Statistics about diabetes. https://diabetes.org/about-us/statistics/about-diabetes . Accessed 20 Apr 2023). Chronic conditions account for $4.1 trillion of the nation's annual healthcare expenditure (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion in Health and economic costs of chronic conditions, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Health and Economic Costs of Chronic Conditions (2022). https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/about/costs/index.htm . Accessed 7 Jan 2023). There are marked disparities based on age, color, and income, with older people, people of color, and lower-income people having higher treatment costs or even lost wages in response to having chronic conditions. Chronic conditions are the on-the-top leading causes for death with diabetes being the top 7th in the USA in 2019 (Ferguson in Metabolic Syndrome Related Dis, Ferguson et al., Metab Syndr Relat Disord 21:177-187, 2023).
慢性疾病或病症是指持续时间超过 1 年的疾病，需要持续的医疗关注或限制日常生活，或两者兼有（美国医疗保健研究与质量局（AHRQ）在项目：SHARE 方法研讨会上的定义，美国医疗保健研究与质量局（AHRQ）（2016）项目：SHARE 方法研讨会 2016。https://www.ahrq.gov/professionals/education/curriculum-tools/shareddecisionmaking/workshop/index.html。访问日期：2017 年 1 月 20 日）。身体上的慢性疾病，包括糖尿病、高血压、心脏病、关节炎和中风，很常见，尤其是在老年人群中。超过 90%的老年人至少有一种，77%的老年人有≥2 种慢性疾病（美国糖尿病协会（ADA）在关于糖尿病的统计数据中），美国糖尿病协会（ADA）（2023）关于糖尿病的统计数据。https://diabetes.org/about-us/statistics/about-diabetes。访问日期：2023 年 4 月 20 日）。慢性疾病占美国年度医疗保健支出的 4.1 万亿美元（疾病控制与预防中心，国家慢性病预防与健康促进中心在慢性疾病的健康和经济成本中），疾病控制与预防中心，国家慢性病预防与健康促进中心。健康和经济成本的慢性疾病（2022）。https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/about/costs/index.htm。访问日期：2023 年 1 月 7 日）。基于年龄、肤色和收入，存在明显的差异，老年人、有色人种和低收入人群由于患有慢性疾病，治疗费用更高，甚至失去工资。慢性疾病是导致死亡的首要原因，糖尿病是 2019 年美国第七大致死原因（Ferguson 在代谢综合征相关疾病中），Ferguson 等人，代谢综合征相关疾病 21：177-187，2023）。
