Zanni Stefano, Cammalleri Vincenzo, D'Agostino Ludovica, Protano Carmela, Vitali Matteo
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.Le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2025 Apr;32(16):10436-10463. doi: 10.1007/s11356-024-34544-8. Epub 2024 Aug 6.
The aim of the present paper was to give a complete picture on the drinking water contamination by pharmaceutical residues all over the world. For this purpose, a systematic review was carried out for identifying all available research reporting original data resulting by sampling campaign and analysis of "real" drinking water samples to detect pharmaceutical residues. The investigated databases were PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. A total of 124 studies were included; among these, 33 did not find target analytes (all below the limit of detection), while the remaining 91 studies reported the presence for one or more compounds, in concentrations ranging from a few units to a few tens of nanograms. The majority of the studies were performed in Europe and the most represented categories were nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and analgesics. The most common analytical approach used is the preparation and analysis of the samples by solid-phase extraction and chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The main implications resulting from our review are the need for (a) further studies aimed to allow more accurate environmental, wildlife, and human health risk assessments and (b) developing integrated policies promoting less environmentally persistent drugs, the reduction of pharmaceuticals in livestock breeding, and the update of wastewater and drinking water treatment plants for a better removal of drugs and their metabolites.
本文的目的是全面呈现全球范围内饮用水受药物残留污染的情况。为此，开展了一项系统综述，以识别所有通过对“真实”饮用水样本进行采样和分析来检测药物残留的、报告原始数据的现有研究。所调查的数据库有PubMed、Scopus和科学网。总共纳入了124项研究；其中，33项未发现目标分析物（均低于检测限），而其余91项研究报告了一种或多种化合物的存在，浓度范围从几个单位到几十纳克不等。大多数研究在欧洲进行，最具代表性的类别是非甾体抗炎药和镇痛药。最常用的分析方法是通过固相萃取和色谱 - 质谱联用对样品进行制备和分析。我们的综述得出的主要结论是需要（a）开展进一步研究，以进行更准确的环境、野生动物和人类健康风险评估；（b）制定综合政策，推广环境持久性较低的药物，减少畜牧业中的药物使用，并更新废水和饮用水处理厂，以更好地去除药物及其代谢物。
