Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
Sci Total Environ. 2015 Dec 15;538:402-11. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.076. Epub 2015 Aug 25.
The presence of pharmaceuticals in drinking water, even at very low concentrations, has raised concerns among stakeholders such as drinking-water regulators, governments, water suppliers and the public, with regard to the potential risks to humans. Despite this, the occurrence and the fate of pharmaceuticals in drinking waters of many countries (e.g. in Poland) remains unknown. There is a lack of sufficiently sensitive and reliable analytical methods for such analyses and a need for more in-depth hydrogeological analysis of the possible sources of drug residues in drinking water. In this paper, a multi-residual method for the simultaneous determination of seventeen human pharmaceuticals in drinking waters has been developed. Large-volume extractions using Speedisk extraction disks, and derivatization prior to GC-MS-SIM analysis using a new silylating agent DIMETRIS were applied. The method detection limits (MDLs) ranged from 0.9 to 5.7ng/L and the absolute recoveries of the target compounds were above 80% for most analytes. The developed method was successfully applied in the analysis of the target compounds in drinking water collected in Gdansk (Poland), and of the 17 pharmaceuticals, 6 compounds were detected at least once. During the investigation, the geomorphology of the site region was taken into account, possible sources of pharmaceuticals in the analysed drinking water samples were investigated, and the presence of the drugs in ground and surface waters, raw and treated drinking waters was determined. Concentrations were also compared with those observed in other countries. As a result, this study has not only developed a new analytical method for determining pharmaceuticals in drinking waters as well as rendering missing information for Poland (a country with one of the highest consumptions of pharmaceuticals in Europe), but it also presents a modelled in-depth hydrogeological analysis of the real sources of drugs in drinking waters.
饮用水中药物的存在，即使浓度非常低，也引起了利益相关者的关注，如饮用水监管机构、政府、供水商和公众，他们担心这些药物可能会对人类造成潜在风险。尽管如此，许多国家（如波兰）的饮用水中药物的出现和命运仍然未知。目前缺乏足够敏感和可靠的分析方法来进行此类分析，并且需要对饮用水中药物残留的可能来源进行更深入的水文地质分析。在本文中，开发了一种用于同时测定饮用水中十七种人类药物的多残留方法。使用 Speedisk 萃取盘进行大体积萃取，并使用新的硅烷化试剂 DIMETRIS 进行 GC-MS-SIM 分析前衍生化。方法检测限（MDLs）范围为 0.9 至 5.7ng/L，大多数分析物的目标化合物的绝对回收率均高于 80%。所开发的方法成功应用于在波兰格但斯克采集的饮用水中目标化合物的分析，在所检测的 17 种药物中，有 6 种药物至少被检测到一次。在调查过程中，考虑了该地区的地貌，研究了分析饮用水样品中药物的可能来源，并确定了地下和地表水中以及原水和处理水中药物的存在情况。还将浓度与其他国家的观察结果进行了比较。因此，本研究不仅开发了一种新的分析方法来测定饮用水中的药物，还为波兰（欧洲药物消费最高的国家之一）提供了缺失的信息，而且还对饮用水中药物的真实来源进行了建模的深入水文地质分析。
