Faculty of Agriculture, Poultry Science Department, Gölköy Campus, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2024 Aug;31(39):51211-51221. doi: 10.1007/s11356-024-33988-2. Epub 2024 Aug 6.
Natural and renewable polymers are gradually replacing petroleum-based plastics, mostly as a result of environmental concerns. Moreover, upcycling industrial food waste into new added-value products is a creative approach that is crucial for cleaner and more sustainable manufacturing. The aim of this study was to obtain an environmentally friendly biodegradable film using a combination of k-carrageenan (KCAR) and chicken gelatin (CGEL), which obtained from poultry by-products. The effects of varying concentrations of KCAR (0-2%) on the physical, permeability, textural, thermal, and microstructural properties of CGEL/KCAR composite films were evaluated. The findings demonstrated that an increase in KCAR enhanced the lightness and opacity levels of the films. Water vapor permeability (WVP) values reduced as the KCAR concentration increased. The lowest WVP value (0.0012 g.mm/h.m.kpa) was seen in the treatment with 2% KCAR. Tensile strength (TS) values increased with increasing KCAR. The films' thermal stability was increased by the addition of KCAR. Microstructure assessments revealed a more compact and smooth structure in the KCAR-containing treatments, indicating improvements in WVP, thermal stability, and TS. Compared to the commercial cattle gelatin film, the CGEL film had higher TS and lower water solubility (WS). Overall, this study showed that the physical, mechanical, barrier and thermal and microstructural qualities of gelatin-based films may be enhanced by combining CGEL and KCAR to create an effective biodegradable film. Moreover, the comparison study between commercial cattle and chicken gelatin films revealed that cross-linked chicken gelatin films would be a suitable alternative for bovine gelatin films in the production of biodegradable film.
天然可再生聚合物正逐渐取代石油基塑料，这主要是出于对环境问题的关注。此外，将工业食品废物回收再利用为具有附加值的新产品是一种创新方法，对更清洁、更可持续的制造至关重要。本研究旨在使用从家禽副产品中获得的κ-卡拉胶（KCAR）和鸡明胶（CGEL）的组合来获得环保可生物降解膜。评估了 KCAR 浓度（0-2%）变化对 CGEL/KCAR 复合膜物理性能、透气性、质构、热性能和微观结构的影响。结果表明，KCAR 的增加提高了膜的明度和不透明度。随着 KCAR 浓度的增加，水蒸气透过率（WVP）值降低。在添加 2% KCAR 的处理中，WVP 值最低（0.0012 g.mm/h.m.kpa）。随着 KCAR 的增加，拉伸强度（TS）值增加。KCAR 的添加提高了膜的热稳定性。微观结构评估表明，含有 KCAR 的处理具有更致密和更光滑的结构，表明 WVP、热稳定性和 TS 得到了改善。与商业牛明胶膜相比，CGEL 膜具有更高的 TS 和更低的水溶性（WS）。总体而言，本研究表明，通过 CGEL 和 KCAR 的组合，可以提高明胶基膜的物理、机械、阻隔和热学及微观结构性能，从而制备有效的可生物降解膜。此外，对商业牛明胶膜和鸡明胶膜的比较研究表明，交联鸡明胶膜可能是牛明胶膜在可生物降解膜生产中的替代选择。
