Fawell J K, Fielding M
Sci Total Environ. 1985 Dec;47:317-41. doi: 10.1016/0048-9697(85)90339-0.
The identification of organic chemicals in drinking water and their assessment in terms of potential hazardous effects are two very different but closely associated tasks. In relation to both continuous low-level background contamination and specific, often high-level, contamination due to pollution incidents, the identification of contaminants is a pre-requisite to evaluation of significant hazards. Even in the case of the rapidly developing short-term bio-assays which are applied to water to indicate a potential genotoxic hazard (for example Ames tests), identification of the active chemicals is becoming a major factor in the further assessment of the response. Techniques for the identification of low concentrations of organic chemicals in drinking water have developed remarkably since the early 1970s and methods based upon gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) have revolutionised qualitative analysis of water. Such techniques are limited to "volatile" chemicals and these usually constitute a small fraction of the total organic material in water. However, in recent years there have been promising developments in techniques for "non-volatile" chemicals in water. Such techniques include combined high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and a variety of MS methods, involving, for example, field desorption, fast atom bombardment and thermospray ionisation techniques. In the paper identification techniques in general are reviewed and likely future developments outlined. The assessment of hazards associated with chemicals identified in drinking and related waters usually centres upon toxicology - an applied science which involves numerous disciplines. The paper examines the toxicological information needed, the quality and deployment of such information and discusses future research needs. Application of short-term bio-assays to drinking water is a developing area and one which is closely involved with, and to some extent dependent on, powerful methods of identification. Recent developments are discussed.
鉴定饮用水中的有机化学物质并评估其潜在危害影响是两项截然不同但又紧密相关的任务。对于持续的低水平背景污染以及因污染事件导致的特定的、通常是高水平的污染而言，鉴定污染物是评估重大危害的先决条件。即使在应用于水以指示潜在遗传毒性危害的快速发展的短期生物测定法（例如艾姆斯试验）的情况下，鉴定活性化学物质也正成为进一步评估响应的主要因素。自20世纪70年代初以来，用于鉴定饮用水中低浓度有机化学物质的技术有了显著发展，基于气相色谱 - 质谱联用（GC-MS）的方法彻底改变了水的定性分析。此类技术仅限于“挥发性”化学物质，而这些通常仅占水中总有机物质的一小部分。然而，近年来针对水中“非挥发性”化学物质的技术有了令人鼓舞的进展。此类技术包括高效液相色谱 - 质谱联用（HPLC-MS）以及各种质谱方法，例如涉及场解吸、快原子轰击和热喷雾电离技术。本文对一般鉴定技术进行了综述，并概述了可能的未来发展。与饮用水及相关水体中鉴定出的化学物质相关的危害评估通常以毒理学为核心——毒理学是一门涉及众多学科的应用科学。本文审视了所需的毒理学信息、此类信息的质量和应用，并讨论了未来的研究需求。将短期生物测定法应用于饮用水是一个不断发展的领域，并且与强大的鉴定方法密切相关且在一定程度上依赖于这些方法。文中讨论了近期的发展情况。
