United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, CO, USA.
School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2024 Aug 7;19(10):975-986. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0446. Print 2024 Oct 1.
The modern era of running shoes began in the 1960s with the introduction of simple polymer midsole foams, and it ended in the late 2010s with the introduction of advanced footwear technology (AFT). AFT is characterized by highly compliant, resilient, and lightweight foams with embedded, rigid, longitudinal architecture. This footwear complex improves a runner's efficiency, and it introduced a step change in running performance. Purpose: This review serves to examine the current state of knowledge around AFT-what it is and what we know about its ingredients, what benefits it confers to runners, and what may or may not mediate that benefit. We also discuss the emerging science around AFT being introduced to track-racing spikes and how it is currently regulated in sporting contexts. Conclusions: AFT has changed running as a sport. The construction of AFT is grossly understood, but the nature of the interacting elements is not. The magnitude of the enhancement of a runner's economy and performance has been characterized and modeled, but the nuanced factors that mediate those responses have not. With these knowns and unknowns, we conclude the review by providing a collection of best practices for footwear researchers, advice for runners interested in AFT, and a list of pertinent items for further investigation.
现代跑鞋时代始于 20 世纪 60 年代，当时推出了简单的聚合物中底泡沫材料，而在 2010 年代末，随着先进的鞋类技术 (AFT) 的引入而结束。AFT 的特点是具有高弹性、高回弹性和轻重量的泡沫，其中嵌入了刚性的纵向结构。这种鞋类技术提高了跑步者的效率，并带来了跑步性能的重大突破。目的：本综述旨在检查目前关于 AFT 的知识现状——它是什么，我们对其成分、对跑步者的益处以及可能或不可能介导这些益处的了解。我们还讨论了新兴的 AFT 科学如何被引入到田径钉鞋中，以及它在体育领域是如何被监管的。结论：AFT 改变了跑步这项运动。虽然人们对 AFT 的结构有了大致的了解，但对其相互作用元素的性质却知之甚少。跑步者的经济性和性能增强的幅度已经得到了描述和建模，但调节这些反应的细微因素却没有。基于这些已知和未知的情况，我们通过为鞋类研究人员提供最佳实践建议、为对 AFT 感兴趣的跑步者提供建议，以及列出进一步调查的相关事项，对综述进行了总结。
