Hébert-Losier Kim, Pamment Milly
Division of Health, Engineering, Computing and Science, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, Adams Centre for High Performance, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand.
National Performance Institute, British Athletics, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
Sports Biomech. 2023 Mar;22(3):335-350. doi: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2110512. Epub 2022 Aug 22.
Advancements in running shoe technology over the last 5 years have sparked controversy in athletics as linked with clear running economy and performance enhancements. Early debates mainly surrounded 'super shoes' in long-distance running, but more recently, the controversy has filtered through to sprint and middle-distance running with the emergence of 'super spikes'. This Current Concepts paper provides a brief overview on the controversial topic of super shoes and super spikes. The defining features of technologically advanced shoes are a stiff plate embedded within the midsole, curved plate and midsole geometry, and lightweight, resilient, high-energy returning foam that - in combination - enhance running performance. Since the launch of the first commercially available super shoe, all world records from the 5 km to the marathon have been broken by athletes wearing super shoes or super spikes, with a similar trend observed in middle-distance running. The improvements in super shoes are around 4% for running economy and 2% for performance, and speculatively around 1% to 1.5% for super spikes. These enhancements are believed multifactorial in nature and difficult to parse, although involve longitudinal bending stiffness, the 'teeter-totter effect', the high-energy return properties of the midsole material, enhanced stack height and lightweight characteristic of shoes.
过去五年跑鞋技术的进步在田径运动中引发了争议，因为这与跑步经济性和成绩提升明显相关。早期的争论主要围绕长跑中的“超级跑鞋”，但最近，随着“超级钉鞋”的出现，争议已蔓延到短跑和中长跑项目。这篇“当前概念”文章简要概述了超级跑鞋和超级钉鞋这一有争议的话题。技术先进的鞋子的显著特征是中底内嵌的刚性板、弯曲板和中底几何形状，以及轻质、有弹性、高能量回馈的泡沫材料，这些因素共同作用可提升跑步成绩。自首款商业可用的超级跑鞋推出以来，从5公里到马拉松的所有世界纪录均被穿着超级跑鞋或超级钉鞋的运动员打破，中长跑项目也出现了类似趋势。超级跑鞋在跑步经济性方面的提升约为4%，成绩提升约为2%，超级钉鞋的推测提升幅度约为1%至1.5%。尽管这些提升被认为具有多因素性质且难以剖析，但其涉及纵向弯曲刚度、“跷跷板效应”、中底材料的高能量回馈特性、增加的鞋跟高度以及鞋子的轻质特性。
