Department of Surgical Sciences and the Office of the Assistant Dean for Research, School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00936, USA.
Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Nutrients. 2024 Aug 4;16(15):2562. doi: 10.3390/nu16152562.
(1) Background: Branched-chain and aromatic amino acids (BCAAs/AAAs) have been considered as markers of type 2 diabetes (T2D); however, studies on associations between these metabolites and T2D and cardiometabolic traits in Hispanic populations are limited. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between baseline BCAAs (isoleucine, leucine, valine)/AAAs (phenylalanine, tyrosine) and prevalent and incident T2D, as well as baseline and longitudinal (2 year) changes in cardiometabolic traits (measures of glycemia, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and obesity) in two large cohorts of adults of Puerto Rican descent. (2) Methods: We included participants of the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study (BPRHS, = 670) and San Juan Overweight Adult Longitudinal study (SOALS, = 999) with available baseline metabolite and covariate data. T2D diagnosis was defined based on American Diabetes Association criteria. Multivariable logistic (for baseline T2D), Poisson (for incident T2D), and linear (for cardiometabolic traits) regression models were used; cohort-specific results were combined in the meta-analysis and adjusted for multiple comparisons. (3) Results: Higher baseline BCAAs were associated with higher odds of prevalent T2D (OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.34-1.59, < 0.0001) and higher risk of incident T2D (IRR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.13-1.37, < 0.0001). In multivariable longitudinal analysis, higher leucine and valine concentrations were associated with 2-year increase in insulin (beta = 0.37 mcU/mL, 95% CI: 0.11-0.63, < 0.05; beta = 0.43 mcU/mL, 95% CI: 0.17-0.68, < 0.01). Tyrosine was a significant predictor of incident T2D (IRR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.09-1.58, < 0.05), as well as 2 year increases in HOMA-IR (beta = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.04-0.22, < 0.05) and insulin concentrations (beta = 0.37 mcU/mL, 95% CI: 0.12-0.61, < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: Our results confirmed the associations between BCAAs and prevalent and incident T2D, as well as concurrent measures of glycemia, dyslipidemia, and obesity, previously reported in predominantly White and Asian populations. Baseline leucine, valine, and tyrosine were predictors of 2 year increases in insulin, whereas tyrosine was a significant predictor of deteriorating insulin resistance over time. Our study suggests that BCAAs and tyrosine could serve as early markers of future glycemic changes in Puerto Ricans.
（1）背景：支链氨基酸（BCAAs）和芳香族氨基酸（AAAs）已被认为是 2 型糖尿病（T2D）的标志物；然而，关于这些代谢物与西班牙裔人群的 T2D 及心血管代谢特征之间的关联的研究有限。本研究旨在探讨基线 BCAAs（异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、缬氨酸）/AAAs（苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸）与 T2D 现患率和发生率，以及基线和纵向（2 年）变化之间的关系，这些变化涉及血糖、血脂异常、炎症和肥胖等心血管代谢特征，在两个大型波多黎各裔成年人队列中进行研究。（2）方法：我们纳入了波士顿波多黎各健康研究（BPRHS）和圣胡安超重成年纵向研究（SOALS）的参与者（BPRHS = 670，SOALS = 999），这些参与者具有可用的基线代谢物和协变量数据。T2D 的诊断基于美国糖尿病协会的标准。使用多变量逻辑（用于基线 T2D）、泊松（用于事件 T2D）和线性（用于心血管代谢特征）回归模型；队列特异性结果在荟萃分析中进行了组合，并进行了多次比较调整。（3）结果：较高的基线 BCAAs 与 T2D 的现患率较高（OR = 1.46，95%CI：1.34-1.59， < 0.0001）和 T2D 的发生率较高相关（IRR = 1.24，95%CI：1.13-1.37， < 0.0001）。在多变量纵向分析中，较高的亮氨酸和缬氨酸浓度与 2 年胰岛素水平升高相关（β = 0.37 mcU/mL，95%CI：0.11-0.63， < 0.05；β = 0.43 mcU/mL，95%CI：0.17-0.68， < 0.01）。酪氨酸是 T2D 事件的显著预测因子（IRR = 1.31，95%CI：1.09-1.58， < 0.05），也是 HOMA-IR（β = 0.13，95%CI：0.04-0.22， < 0.05）和胰岛素浓度（β = 0.37 mcU/mL，95%CI：0.12-0.61， < 0.05）在 2 年内升高的预测因子。（4）结论：我们的结果证实了 BCAAs 与 T2D 的现患率和发生率以及血糖、血脂异常和肥胖等并发特征之间的关联，这些关联之前在主要为白人的和亚洲人群中报道过。基线亮氨酸、缬氨酸和酪氨酸是 2 年内胰岛素水平升高的预测因子，而酪氨酸是胰岛素抵抗随时间恶化的显著预测因子。我们的研究表明，BCAAs 和酪氨酸可能是波多黎各人未来血糖变化的早期标志物。
