Effects of injudicious use of spirotetramat on Encarsia formosa's ability to control Bemisia tabaci.

The excessive and frequent use of insecticides has led to serious problems with insecticide residues, impacting nontarget organisms such as the parasitoid Encarsia formosa. This study examined the growth, development, and enzyme activity of E. formosa exposed to spirotetramat at LC, LC, and LC. The regression equation for the toxicity of spirotetramat toward E. formosa was Y = 5.25X-11.07. After exposure to spirotetramat, the survival rates of E. formosa sharply decreased, which occurred earlier than those in the control batch. Although the maximum daily parasitism quantity of E. formosa increased and the average parasitism number, enumerated from the 1st to the 5th day, was 53.97 after being exposed to spirotetramat at LC, the life span of its F generation adults was only 8.47 days, which was significantly shorter than that in the control batch. After being exposed to spirotetramat at LC, the average parasitism number of E. formosa was 63.30, and the developmental time of its F generation, enumerated from the 1st to the 5th day after exposure to spirotetramat, was significantly longer than that of the control batch. The activities of mixed function oxidase, acetylcholinesterase, carboxylesterase, and catalase increased significantly, and the rate of increase in enzyme activity was directly proportional to the increase in the concentration of spirotetramat. These results revealed that the parasitic ability of E. formosa decreased after exposure to spirotetramat at LC, LC, and LC. This leads to a change in parasitoid control of pests, revealing the potential environmental threat of insecticide residues to nontarget organisms.