Not All Patients with a Headache need a CT Scan, but they should be Listened to, and also with a Stethoscope: A Report of a Large Arteriovenous Malformation with a Loud Cranial Bruit.

BACKGROUND

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are abnormal direct connections between arterial and venous systems, without an interposed capillary bed. This permits high-flow arteriovenous shunting, which precipitates structural changes in the afferent and efferent vessels, namely arterial smooth muscle hyperplasia and thinning of venous walls. Patients with intracranial AVMs typically present with a haemorrhage, headache or seizure. Treatment is either via medical management aimed at control of seizures, headache and blood pressure, or interventional via surgical, radiation or radiologically guided embolisation.

CASE DESCRIPTION

We report the case of a woman in her early 40s presenting with a tonic-clonic seizure against a background of a 31-year history of migraine and an 18-month history of tremors in her right arm. The clinical examination was remarkable for an extremely loud cranial bruit and a right homonymous hemianopia. Imaging diagnosed an 8 cm Martin-Spetzler grade V intracranial arteriovenous malformation in her left parietal lobe, which was deemed unsuitable for operative or radiotherapy-based intervention.

CONCLUSION

The patient was managed through observation and relatively good control of her breakthrough seizures was achieved through the addition of brivaracetam to her lamotrigine and carbamazepine-based therapy, six years after her initial presentation.

LEARNING POINTS

Arteriovenous malformations may go undetected for decades.The presence of a cranial bruit is an important sign and tool in diagnosing an intracranial arteriovenous malformation. The presence of a homonymous hemianopia, of which a patient may be unaware, helps to localise an intracranial lesion.The risks of operative or radiological intervention must be balanced with the risks of haemorrhage or refractory seizure when adopting a strategy for the treatment of an intracranial arteriovenous malformation. Good control of epileptic symptoms in those deemed not suitable for operative or radiological intervention can be achieved by careful titration of anti-seizure medications.