Ward Kaitlin P, Grogan-Kaylor Andrew C, Ma Julie, Pace Garrett T, Lee Shawna J, Davis-Kean Pamela E
School of Social Work, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Child Dev. 2025 Jan-Feb;96(1):7-20. doi: 10.1111/cdev.14152. Epub 2024 Aug 12.
Children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are disproportionately at risk of not meeting their developmental potential. Parental discipline can promote and hinder child outcomes; however, little research examines how discipline interacts with contextual factors to predict child outcomes in LMICs. Using data from 208,156 households with children between 36 and 59 months (50.5% male) across 63 countries, this study examined whether interactions between gender inequality and discipline (shouting, spanking, beating, and verbal reasoning) predicted child aggression. Results showed aggression was higher in countries with high gender inequality, and associations between discipline and child aggression were weaker in countries where gender inequality was higher. Improvements in country-level gender parity, in addition to parenting, will be necessary to promote positive child outcomes in LMICs.
低收入和中等收入国家（LMICs）的儿童面临无法充分发挥其发展潜力的风险，且这种风险在他们当中的分布不均衡。父母的管教方式既能促进也会阻碍孩子的成长结果；然而，很少有研究探讨在低收入和中等收入国家中，管教方式如何与环境因素相互作用以预测孩子的成长结果。本研究利用来自63个国家的208,156户有36至59个月大孩子（50.5%为男孩）的家庭的数据，考察了性别不平等与管教方式（大喊大叫、打屁股、殴打和言语说理）之间的相互作用是否能预测儿童的攻击性。结果显示，在性别不平等程度高的国家，儿童攻击性更强，而在性别不平等程度较高的国家，管教方式与儿童攻击性之间的关联较弱。除了育儿方式之外，改善国家层面的性别平等对于促进低收入和中等收入国家儿童的积极成长结果将是必要的。
