From crisis to cure: harnessing the potential of mycobacteriophages in the battle against tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious and fatal disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The World Health Organization reported an estimated 1.30 million TB-related deaths in 2022. The escalating prevalence of Mtb strains classified as being multi-, extensively, extremely, or totally drug resistant, coupled with the decreasing efficacies of conventional therapies, necessitates the development of novel treatments. As viruses that infect Mycobacterium spp., mycobacteriophages may represent a strategy to combat and eradicate drug-resistant TB. More exploration is needed to provide a comprehensive understanding of mycobacteriophages and their genome structure, which could pave the way toward a definitive treatment for TB. This review focuses on the properties of mycobacteriophages, their potential in diagnosing and treating TB, the benefits and drawbacks of their application, and their use in human health. Specifically, we summarize recent research on mycobacteriophages targeted against Mtb infection and newly developed mycobacteriophage-based tools to diagnose and treat diseases caused by Mycobacterium spp. We underscore the urgent need for innovative approaches and highlight the potential of mycobacteriophages as a promising avenue for developing effective diagnosis and treatment to combat drug-resistant Mycobacterium strains.