Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
Cell Mol Immunol. 2024 Oct;21(10):1109-1119. doi: 10.1038/s41423-024-01206-1. Epub 2024 Aug 12.
The immune system plays a crucial role in protecting the body from invading pathogens and maintaining tissue homoeostasis. Maintaining homoeostatic lipid metabolism is an important aspect of efficient immune cell function and when disrupted immune cell function is impaired. There are numerous metabolic diseases whereby systemic lipid metabolism and cellular function is impaired. In the context of metabolic disorders, chronic inflammation is suggested to be a major contributor to disease progression. A major contributor to tissue dysfunction in metabolic disease is ectopic lipid deposition, which is generally caused by diet and genetic factors. Thus, we propose the idea, that similar to tissue and organ damage in metabolic disorders, excessive accumulation of lipid in immune cells promotes a dysfunctional immune system (beyond the classical foam cell) and contributes to disease pathology. Herein, we review the evidence that lipid accumulation through diet can modulate the production and function of immune cells by altering cellular lipid content. This can impact immune cell signalling, activation, migration, and death, ultimately affecting key aspects of the immune system such as neutralising pathogens, antigen presentation, effector cell activation and resolving inflammation.
免疫系统在保护身体免受入侵病原体和维持组织内环境稳定方面起着至关重要的作用。维持内环境稳定的脂质代谢是有效免疫细胞功能的一个重要方面，而当免疫细胞功能失调时，其功能就会受损。有许多代谢疾病会导致全身脂质代谢和细胞功能受损。在代谢紊乱的情况下，慢性炎症被认为是疾病进展的主要原因。代谢疾病中组织功能障碍的一个主要原因是异位脂质沉积，这通常是由饮食和遗传因素引起的。因此，我们提出这样一种观点，即类似于代谢紊乱中组织和器官的损伤，免疫细胞中脂质的过度积累会促进功能失调的免疫系统（超出经典泡沫细胞的范畴），并导致疾病的病理过程。在此，我们综述了饮食中脂质积累通过改变细胞内脂质含量来调节免疫细胞产生和功能的证据。这会影响免疫细胞的信号转导、激活、迁移和死亡，最终影响免疫系统的关键方面，如中和病原体、抗原呈递、效应细胞激活和炎症消退。
