Advanced carbo-catalytic degradation of antibiotics using conductive polymer-seaweed biochar composite: Exploring N/S functionalization and non-radical dynamics.

Polyaniline (PANI) and Saccharina Japanica seaweed (kelp) biochar (KBC) composites were synthesized in-situ through polymerization. This study presents a novel approach to the degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), a prevalent antibiotic, using a PANI-KBC composite to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS). Extensive characterizations of the PANI-KBC composite were conducted, resulting in successful synthesis, uniform distribution of PANI on the biochar surface, and the multifunctional role of PANI-KBC in SMX degradation. A removal efficiency of 97.24% for SMX (10 mg L) was attained in 60 min with PANI-KBC (0.1 g L) and PMS (1.0 mM) at pH 5.2, with PANI-KBC showing effectiveness (>92%) across a pH range of 3.0-9.0. In the degradation of SMX, both radical (SO and OH) and non-radical (O and electron transfer) pathways are involved. The reaction processes are critically influenced by the roles of SO, O and electron transfer mechanisms. It was suggested that pyrrolic N, oxidized sulfur (-C-SO-C-), structural defects, and O-CO were implicated in the production of O and electron transfer processes, respectively, and a portion of O originated from the conversion of O. The study evaluated by-product toxicity, composite reusability, and stability, confirming its practical potential for sustainable groundwater remediation.