Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Haryana, India; Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Haryana, India.
Plant Physiol Biochem. 2024 Oct;215:109022. doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.109022. Epub 2024 Aug 6.
Tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs) are crucial in facilitating the transportation of water and various small solutes across biological membranes. The evolutionary path and functional roles of TIPs is poorly understood in plants. In the present study, a total of 976 TIPs were identified in 104 diverse species and subsequently studied to trace their lineage-specific evolutionary path and tissue-specific function. Interestingly, TIPs were found to be absent in lower forms such as algae and fungi and they evolved later in primitive plants like bryophytes. Bryophytes possess a distant class of TIPs, denoted as TIP6, which is not found in higher plants. The aromatic/arginine (ar/R) selectivity filter found in TIP6 of certain liverworts share similarity with hybrid intrinsic protein (HIP), suggesting an evolutionary kinship. As plants evolved to more advanced forms, TIPs diversified into five different sub-groups (TIP1 to TIP5). Notably, TIP5 is a sub-group unique to angiosperms. The evolutionary history of the TIP subfamily reveals an interesting observation that the TIP3 subgroup has evolved within seed-bearing Spermatophyta. Further, TIPs exhibit tissue-specific expression that is conserved within various plant species. Specifically, the TIP3s were found to be exclusively expressed in seeds. Quantitative PCR analysis of TIP3s showed gradually increasing expression in soybean seed developmental stages. The expression of TIP3s in different plant species was also found to be gradually increasing during seed maturation. The results presented here address the knowledge gap concerning the evolutionary background of TIPs, specifically TIP3 in plants, and provide valuable insights for a deeper comprehension of the functions of TIPs in plants.
液泡膜内在蛋白（TIPs）在促进水和各种小分子溶质跨生物膜运输方面起着至关重要的作用。然而，TIPs 在植物中的进化途径和功能作用仍知之甚少。在本研究中，我们在 104 个不同物种中鉴定了总共 976 个 TIPs，并对其进行了研究，以追溯它们的谱系特异性进化途径和组织特异性功能。有趣的是，我们发现 TIPs 在藻类和真菌等较低等形式的生物中不存在，并且在苔藓等原始植物中进化得较晚。苔藓类植物拥有一类远缘的 TIPs，称为 TIP6，在高等植物中不存在。某些苔藓类植物 TIP6 中的芳香族/精氨酸（ar/R）选择性过滤器与杂种内在蛋白（HIP）具有相似性，表明它们之间存在进化关系。随着植物向更高级的形式进化，TIPs 多样化为五个不同的亚组（TIP1 到 TIP5）。值得注意的是，TIP5 是被子植物特有的亚组。TIP 亚家族的进化历史揭示了一个有趣的观察结果，即 TIP3 亚组在种子植物中进化而来。此外，TIPs 表现出组织特异性表达，在各种植物物种中具有保守性。具体来说，TIP3s 仅在种子中表达。对 TIP3s 的定量 PCR 分析显示，大豆种子发育阶段的表达逐渐增加。在不同植物物种中，TIP3s 的表达也在种子成熟过程中逐渐增加。本研究结果填补了关于 TIPs（特别是植物中的 TIP3）进化背景的知识空白，为深入理解 TIPs 在植物中的功能提供了有价值的见解。
