Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, University of Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2024;68:327-348. doi: 10.1007/7854_2024_514.
This chapter describes basic principles and key findings regarding the development and maturation of the human brain, the former referring to the pre-natal and early post-natal periods and the latter concerning childhood and adolescence. In both cases, we focus on brain structure as revealed in vivo with multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We begin with a few numbers about the human brain and its cellular composition and a brief overview of a number of MRI-based metrics used to characterize age-related variations in grey and white matter. We then proceed with synthesizing current knowledge about developmental and maturational changes in the cerebral cortex (its thickness, surface area, and intra-cortical myelination) and the underlying white matter (volume and structural properties). To facilitate biological interpretations of MRI-derived metrics, we introduce the concept of virtual histology. We conclude the chapter with a few notes about future directions in the study of factors shaping the human brain from conception onwards.
这一章描述了人类大脑发育和成熟的基本原理和主要发现，前者指的是产前和出生后早期，后者指的是儿童期和青春期。在这两种情况下，我们都专注于通过多模态磁共振成像（MRI）在体内揭示的大脑结构。我们首先介绍一些关于人脑及其细胞组成的数字，以及一些用于描述灰质和白质与年龄相关变化的基于 MRI 的指标的简要概述。然后，我们综合了目前关于大脑皮层（其厚度、表面积和皮质内髓鞘化）和基础白质（体积和结构特性）发育和成熟变化的知识。为了促进对 MRI 衍生指标的生物学解释，我们引入了虚拟组织学的概念。最后，我们对从受孕开始塑造人类大脑的因素的研究的未来方向做了几点说明。
