Department of Environmental Sciences, Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Karachi 74000, Pakistan.
Department of Environmental Sciences, Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Karachi 74000, Pakistan.
Sci Total Environ. 2024 Nov 15;951:175493. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175493. Epub 2024 Aug 12.
Pressmud compost is an organic soil amendment and a robust technology that has potential to restore toxic metals (TMs) polluted soil. The application of organic amendments including pressmud compost in soil for toxic metals (TMs) alleviation have gained considerable attention as compared to traditional methods among the scientific community. In this review paper, we summarized the literature aiming to understand the immobilization efficacy of TMs such as cadmium, lead, chromium, copper, nickel, iron, zinc, and manganese, underlying mechanisms, plant growth, essential nutrients and soil health under pot, field and incubation conditions which has not been well investigated up-to-date. The application of pressmud compost at 10 t ha rate has shown highly potential to reduce the bioavailability and bioaccumulation of TMs in the polluted soil. The immobilization mechanism of TMs in soil depends on soil pH, soil type, cation exchange capacity, hydraulic conditions, nutrients dynamics and soil properties. The application of pressmud compost integrated with biochar, compost, rock phosphate, farmyard manure, bagasse ash, molasses immobilized the cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, nickel and zinc in alkaline polluted soil, whereas pressmud compost combined with poultry manure and farmyard manure increased the bioavailability of lead, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, zinc, iron and manganese in acidic soil, it could be due to aging of pressmud compost, application rate, metal type, nature of soil, particle size, application method, plant type and agronomic practices. There is a lack of knowledge on the phyto-management of arsenic, mercury and boron in soil amended with pressmud compost. Future studies must be focused on potential of pressmud compost co-amended with minerals, modified biochars and nano-material for immobilization of TMs in polluted soil-plant through machine learning/artificial intelligence in order to reduce the health risks and improve public health safety in urban and rural areas.
沼渣堆肥是一种有机土壤改良剂，也是一种强大的技术，具有修复受有毒金属（TMs）污染土壤的潜力。与科学界传统方法相比，有机改良剂（包括沼渣堆肥）在土壤中用于有毒金属（TMs）缓解的应用引起了相当大的关注。在这篇综述论文中，我们总结了文献，旨在了解在盆栽、田间和孵化条件下，镉、铅、铬、铜、镍、铁、锌和锰等 TM 的固定效果、潜在机制、植物生长、必需养分和土壤健康，这方面的研究迄今为止还不够完善。在 10 t/公顷的比例下应用沼渣堆肥，已显示出具有很大潜力，可以降低污染土壤中 TM 的生物可利用性和生物累积性。TM 在土壤中的固定机制取决于土壤 pH 值、土壤类型、阳离子交换容量、水力条件、养分动态和土壤特性。将沼渣堆肥与生物炭、堆肥、磷矿粉、农家肥、甘蔗渣灰、糖蜜结合使用，可以固定碱性污染土壤中的镉、铅、铜、铬、镍和锌，而将沼渣堆肥与家禽粪肥和农家肥结合使用，则会增加酸性土壤中铅、镉、钴、铬、铜、锌、铁和锰的生物可利用性，这可能是由于沼渣堆肥的老化、应用率、金属类型、土壤性质、粒径、应用方法、植物类型和农业实践。在添加沼渣堆肥的土壤中，砷、汞和硼的植物管理知识还很缺乏。未来的研究必须集中在通过机器学习/人工智能将矿物质、改性生物炭和纳米材料与沼渣堆肥共同添加到污染土壤-植物中固定 TM 的潜力上，以降低健康风险，提高城乡公共卫生安全。
