Immunology Service, Unit of Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS / Virgen del Rocío University Hospital / CSIC / University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
Group of Infections in the Pediatric Population, Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
Blood Rev. 2024 Nov;68:101227. doi: 10.1016/j.blre.2024.101227. Epub 2024 Aug 10.
Iron is essential for numerous physiological processes and its deficiency often leads to anemia. Iron deficiency (ID) is a global problem, primarily affecting reproductive-age women and children, especially in developing countries. Diagnosis uses classical biomarkers like ferritin or transferrin saturation. Recent advancements include using soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) or hepcidin for improved detection and classification of absolute and functional iron deficiencies, though mostly used in research. ID without anemia may present symptoms like asthenia and fatigue, even without relevant clinical consequences. ID impacts not only red-blood cells but also immune system cells, highlighting its importance in global health and immune-related comorbidities. Managing ID, requires addressing its cause and selecting appropriate iron supplementation. Various improved oral and intravenous products are available, but further research is needed to refine treatment strategies. This review updates on absolute and functional iron deficiencies, their relationships with the immune system and advancements in diagnosis and therapies.
铁是许多生理过程所必需的，其缺乏通常会导致贫血。缺铁（ID）是一个全球性问题，主要影响育龄妇女和儿童，尤其是在发展中国家。诊断使用经典的生物标志物，如铁蛋白或转铁蛋白饱和度。最近的进展包括使用可溶性转铁蛋白受体（sTfR）或铁调素来改善绝对和功能性缺铁的检测和分类，尽管主要用于研究。无贫血的缺铁可能会出现乏力和疲劳等症状，即使没有相关的临床后果。缺铁不仅影响红细胞，还影响免疫系统细胞，凸显了其在全球健康和与免疫相关的合并症中的重要性。管理缺铁需要解决其原因，并选择适当的铁补充剂。有各种改良的口服和静脉内产品，但需要进一步研究来完善治疗策略。本综述更新了绝对和功能性缺铁及其与免疫系统的关系，以及诊断和治疗方面的进展。
