International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, China; State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
Environ Pollut. 2024 Oct 15;359:124741. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124741. Epub 2024 Aug 13.
Microplastics (MPs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have recently become ubiquitous and cumulative pollutants in the oceans. Since OPFRs are added to or adsorbed onto MPs as additives, it is necessary to study the composite contamination of OPFRs and MPs, with less focus on bio-based PLA. Therefore, this study focused on the ecotoxicity of the biodegradable MP polylactic acid (PLA) (5 μm, irregular fragments, 10 and 10 particles/L), and a representative OPFRs tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP, 0.5 and 50 μg/L) at environmental and high concentrations. The mussel Mytilus coruscus was used as a standardised bioindicator for exposure experiments. The focus was on examining oxidative stress (catalase, CAT, superoxide dismutase, SOD, malondialdehyde, MDA), immune responses acid (phosphatase, ACP, alkaline phosphatase, AKP, lysozyme, LZM), neurotoxicity (acetylcholinesterase, AChE), energy metabolism (lactate dehydrogenase, LDH, succinate dehydrogenase, SDH, hexokinase, HK), and physiological indices (absorption efficiency, AE, excretion rate, ER, respiration rate, RR, condition index, CI) after 14 days exposure. The results of significantly increased oxidative stress and immune responses, and significantly disturbed energy metabolism and physiological activities, together with an integrated biomarker response (IBR) analysis, indicate that bio-based PLA MPs and TCPP could cause adverse effects on mussels. Meanwhile, TCPP interacted significantly with PLA, especially at environmental concentrations, resulting in more severe negative impacts on oxidative and immune stress, and neurotoxicity. The more severe adverse effects at environmental concentrations indicate higher ecological risks of PLA, TCPP and their combination in the real marine environment. Our study presents reliable data on the complex effects of bio-based MP PLA, TCPP and their combination on marine organisms and the environment.
微塑料 (MPs) 和有机磷阻燃剂 (OPFRs) 最近已成为海洋中无处不在且不断积累的污染物。由于 OPFRs 作为添加剂被添加到 MPs 或被吸附到 MPs 上，因此有必要研究 OPFRs 和 MPs 的复合污染问题，而对生物基 PLA 的关注较少。因此，本研究重点关注可生物降解的 MPs 聚乳酸 (PLA) (5 µm，不规则碎片，10 和 10 个/L) 和代表性 OPFRs 磷酸三 (1-氯-2-丙基) 酯 (TCPP，0.5 和 50 µg/L) 的环境浓度和高浓度下的生态毒性。贻贝 Mytilus coruscus 被用作暴露实验的标准化生物指示剂。重点是检查氧化应激 (过氧化氢酶，CAT，超氧化物歧化酶，SOD，丙二醛，MDA)、免疫反应酸 (酸性磷酸酶，ACP，碱性磷酸酶，AKP，溶菌酶，LZM)、神经毒性 (乙酰胆碱酯酶，AChE)、能量代谢 (乳酸脱氢酶，LDH，琥珀酸脱氢酶，SDH，己糖激酶，HK) 和生理指标 (吸收效率，AE，排泄率，ER，呼吸率，RR，条件指数，CI) 在 14 天暴露后。氧化应激和免疫反应显著增加，能量代谢和生理活动显著紊乱，以及综合生物标志物反应 (IBR) 分析的结果表明，生物基 PLA MPs 和 TCPP 可能对贻贝产生不利影响。同时，TCPP 与 PLA 显著相互作用，特别是在环境浓度下，导致对氧化和免疫应激以及神经毒性的负面影响更加严重。在环境浓度下更严重的不利影响表明 PLA、TCPP 及其组合在真实海洋环境中具有更高的生态风险。我们的研究提供了关于生物基 MP PLA、TCPP 及其组合对海洋生物和环境的复杂影响的可靠数据。
