Role of charge in enhanced nuclear transport and retention of graphene quantum dots.

The nuclear pore complexes on the nuclear membrane serve as the exclusive gateway for communication between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, regulating the transport of various molecules, including nucleic acids and proteins. The present work investigates the kinetics of the transport of negatively charged graphene quantum dots through nuclear membranes, focusing on quantifying their transport characteristics. Experiments are carried out in permeabilized HeLa cells using time-lapse confocal fluorescence microscopy. Our findings indicate that negatively charged graphene quantum dots exhibit rapid transport to the nuclei, involving two distinct transport pathways in the translocation process. Complementary experiments on the nuclear import and export of graphene quantum dots validate the bi-directionality of transport, as evidenced by comparable transport rates. The study also shows that the negatively charged graphene quantum dots possess favorable retention properties, underscoring their potential as drug carriers.